Development of a client interface for a methodology independent object-oriented CASE tool : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computer Science at Massey University

The overall aim of the research presented in this thesis is the development of a prototype CASE Tool user interface that supports the use of arbitrary methodology notations for the construction of small-scale diagrams. This research is part of the larger CASE Tool project, MOOT (Massey's Object Oriented Tool). MOOT is a meta-system with a client-server architecture that provides a framework within which the semantics and syntax of methodologies can be described. The CASE Tool user interface is implemented in Java so it is as portable as possible and has a consistent look and feel. It has been designed as a client to the rest of the MOOT system (which acts as a server). A communications protocol has been designed to support the interaction between the CASE Tool client and a MOOT server. The user interface design of MOOT must support all possible graphical notations. No assumptions about the types of notations that a software engineer may use can be made. MOOT therefore provides a specification language called NDL for the definition of a methodology's syntax. Hence, the MOOT CASE Tool client described in this thesis is a shell that is parameterised by NDL specifications. The flexibility provided by such a high level of abstraction presents significant challenges in terms of designing effective human-computer interaction mechanisms for the MOOT user interface. Functional and non-functional requirements of the client user interface have been identified and applied during the construction of the prototype. A notation specification that defines the syntax for Coad and Yourdon OOA/OOD has been written in NDL and used as a test case. The thesis includes the iterative evaluation and extension of NDL resulting from the prototype development. The prototype has shown that the current approach to NDL is efficacious, and that the syntax and semantics of a methodology description can successfully be separated. The developed prototype has shown that it is possible to build a simple, non-intrusive, and efficient, yet flexible, useable, and helpful interface for meta-CASE tools. The development of the CASE Tool client, through its generic, methodology independent design, has provided a pilot with which future ideas may be explored

Academic Dishonesty: Recommendations for the Future of Higher Education

The culture of academic dishonesty has become a common practice among students across numerous college campuses. It is imperative to address the policies designed to clearly define plagiarism and academic integrity, as they are not universally understood. The authors explore how academic dishonesty and academic integrity are defined at varying institutions and compare and contrast how such policy violations are addressed by campus administrators. The authors propose recommendations for campus administrators and policymakers to redefine best practices for faculty and staff to instill a culture of academic integrity on college campuses

Polarization spectroscopy of an excited state transition.

We demonstrate polarization spectroscopy of an excited state transition in room-temperature cesium vapor. An anisotropy induced by a circularly polarized pump beam on the D2 transition is observed using a weak probe on the 6P3/2→7S1/2 transition. At high pump power, a subfeature due to Autler-Townes splitting is observed that theoretical modeling shows is enhanced by Doppler averaging. Polarization spectroscopy provides a simple modulation–free signal suitable for laser frequency stabilization to excited state transitions

Funktionelle Anatomie des equinen Kiefergelenkes: Kollagenfaserarchitektur und Histologie der Gelenkflächen

Im Zuge des wachsenden, klinischen und wissenschaftlichen Interesses auf dem Gebiet der Pferdezahnheilkunde, wird dem equinen Kiefergelenk (Articulatio temporomandibularis; engl. temporomandibular joint, TMJ) eine zunehmend größere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Es existieren Studien zur makroskopisch-anatomischen Anatomie, zu bildgebenden Verfahren (Ultraschall, Röntgen, Computertomographie, Magnetresonanztomographie) und zu kinematischen Analysen der Kaubewegung mittels optischer Marker. Klinische Studien und Berichte über degenerative Kiefergelenkserkrankungen existieren nur vereinzelt. Zudem fehlt eine histologische Beschreibung des gesunden equinen Kiefergelenkes als Basis für eine detaillierte biomechanische Analyse, als Grundlage für das Verständnis von pathologischen Veränderungen sowie als Fundament zur Detektion von regenerativen, zellulären Eigenschaften. Es wurden Kiefergelenke von 16 adulten, kiefergelenk- und gebissgesunden Pferden entnommen. Jede einzelne Gelenkfläche wurde mit Hilfe der Spaltlinienmethode untersucht und anschließend histologisch aufgearbeitet. Dabei kamen die Safranin-O und die Elastica-van-Gieson-Färbung zum Einsatz. Mit Hilfe der Spaltlinienmethode konnte herausgefunden werden, dass die oberflächlichen Kollagenfaserbündel in den zentralen zwei Dritteln der Gelenkflächen vorzugsweise in rostrokaudaler Richtung verlaufen. Die lateralen und medialen Gelenkanteile weisen insbesondere gebogene und punktförmige Formationen auf. Anhand der histologischen Färbungen konnten grundsätzliche histomorphologische Eigenschaften des equinen Kiefergelenkes aufgezeigt werden. Mit Ausnahme der Fossa mandibularis zeigen alle knöchernen Anteile des Kiefergelenkes eine gleiche histologische Zonierung. Die oberste Schicht der Artikulationsoberfläche wird aus straffem Bindegewebe gebildet, gefolgt von einer faserknorpeligen Schicht und einer Schicht aus hyalin-ähnlichem Knorpel. Jede Schicht ist dabei durch Zellreichtum charakterisiert. Besonders auffällig war die stete Präsenz von fibroblastischen Zellen direkt unterhalb der Artikulationsflächen. Die Fossa mandibularis ist durch einen Überzug von straffem Bindegewebe gekennzeichnet, der häufig durch eine Synovialmembran ergänzt wird. Mit Hilfe der Safranin-O-Färbung konnten Glykosaminoglykane semiquantitativ nachgewiesen werden. Dabei zeigten insbesondere der rostrale Anteil des Tuberculum articulare und des Processus retroarticularis, das gesamte Caput mandibulae und der dorsale Anteil des Discus articularis einen hohen Gehalt an Glykosaminoglykanen auf. In den übrigen Anteilen des Kiefergelenkes waren geringere Mengen an Glykosaminoglykanen nachweisbar, in der Fossa mandibularis keine. Sowohl die Spaltlinientechnik als auch die verwendeten histologischen Färbemethoden sind vielfach etablierte Verfahren, die Aussagen zu biomechanischen Belastungen von Gelenken ermöglichen. Die rostrokaudale Ausrichtung der Spaltlinien in den zentralen zwei Dritteln der Gelenkflächen des Kiefergelenkes lässt darauf schließen, dass dieser Region vornehmlich relative Bewegungen in rostrokaudaler Richtung zuzuordnen sind. Diese können entweder aus Rotationsbewegungen um eine horizontale Achse oder aus Translationsbewegungen des Unterkiefers in rostrokaudaler Ausrichtung resultieren. Die medialen und lateralen Anteile der Gelenkflächen sind durch punkt- oder kurvenförmige Spaltlinienformationen gekennzeichnet. Diese sind ein Hinweis für Bewegungen um eine senkrechte Achse, die in einer Lateralbewegung des Unterkiefers resultieren. Somit können die komplexen Bewegungen während des equinen Kauzyklus verschiedenen Bereichen des Kiefergelenkes zugeordnet werden. Die Analyse des Gehaltes an Glykosaminoglykanen mit Hilfe der Safranin-O-Färbung lässt den Schluss zu, dass Druckbelastungen innerhalb des gesamten equinen Kiefergelenkes verteilt werden, jedoch nicht zu gleichen Teilen und mit Ausnahme der Fossa mandibularis. Diese nimmt darüber hinaus auch hinsichtlich der histologischen Zonierung der Artikulationsoberfläche eine Sonderrolle ein. Auf Grund der beschriebenen Ergebnisse scheint die Fossa mandibularis eine anatomische Ruheposition für das Caput mandibulae darzustellen. Es ist anzunehmen, dass die Initialbewegung des Kiefergelenkes eine Translationsbewegung des Caput mandibulae und des Discus articularis nach rostral auf das Tuberculum articulare ist. Der vorherrschende Gewebetyp und der hohe zelluläre Anteil bis an die Artikulationsoberfläche lassen sowohl eine ausgeprägte Fähigkeit zur Adaptation an sich verändernde biomechanische Beanspruchungen als auch hohe regenerative Fähigkeiten vermuten. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie bieten sich demgemäß als eine mögliche Erklärung für die geringe Prävalenz von Kiefergelenkserkrankungen beim Pferd an. Sowohl aus klinischer als auch aus zellbiologischer Sicht sollte dem in weiteren Studien nachgegangen werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie stellen darüber hinaus eine geeignete Basis für histopathologische Untersuchungen dar. Das erweiterte Verständnis der Biomechanik des Kiefergelenkes ermöglicht eine gezieltere klinische Untersuchung von Kiefergelenkspathologien und Dysfunktionen.According to the increasing clinical and scientific interest in equine dentistry, the equine temporomandibular joint (Articulatio temporomandibularis; TMJ) gains more attention. There are studies on gross-anatomical features, imaging techniques (ultrasound, X-ray, computed tomography, magnetic resonance tomography) and kinematic analyses of the chewing cycle using optical tracking systems. Only few clinical studies and reports of degenerative TMJ diseases are available. Furthermore basic histological descriptions of the healthy, equine TMJ are missing and therefore no substantial basis for a detailed knowledge of TMJ biomechanics, pathologies and regenerative capabilities exist. Sixteen equine TMJs were dissected from adult horses, which were free of TMJ or dental disease. Each articular surface was examined by use of the split-line method and was processed for histological evaluation subsequently. Safranin O and Elastica van Gieson staining was used. The split-line method visualized that superficial collagen fiber bundles in the central two-thirds of the articular surfaces are preferably arranged in rostrocaudal direction. The lateral and medial joint parts showed curved and punctiforme formations particularly. On the basis of the histological evaluation fundamental histomorphological properties of the equine temporomandibular joint could be identified. With the exception of the mandibular fossa, all bony components of the TMJ expressed an identical histological zoning pattern. The superficial layer of the articular surface is composed of dense connective tissue, followed by a fibrocartilaginous layer and a layer of hyaline-like cartilage. Each layer is characterized by an abundance of cells. Especially noticeable was the constant presence of fibroblastic cells directly underneath the articular surfaces. The mandibular fossa is characterized by a coating of dense connective tissue, frequently complemented by a synovial membrane. Making use of the Safranin O staining, glycosaminoglycans could be detected in semiquantitative way. Particularly, the rostral aspects of the articular tubercle and retroarticular process, the entire mandibular head and the dorsal zone of the articular disc revealed marked contents of glycosaminoglycans. Minor amounts of glycosaminoglycans were detected in the remaining parts of the TMJ and no glycosaminoglycans were found within the mandibular fossa. Both the split-line technique and the histological staining methods are widely used and provide information concerning biomechanical loads of joints. The rostrocaudal alignment of split-lines in the central two-thirds of the articular surfaces suggests the occurrence of relative movements in rostrocaudal direction in these parts of the joint. These movements can result either from rotational movements around a horizontal axis or translational movements of the mandible in rostrocaudal direction. The medial and lateral aspects of the articular surfaces are characterized by punctiforme or curved split-line patterns. These patterns indicate movements around a vertical axis resulting in a lateral movement of the mandible. Thus, the complex movements during the equine chewing cycle can be dedicated to different areas of the TMJ. Based on the results of the Safranin O staining, the detected contents of glycosaminoglycans suggest that compressive loads are distributed throughout the equine TMJ, but not in equal shares and with exception of the mandibular fossa. Furthermore the latter takes up an exceptional position due to the histological zoning pattern of its articular surface. Due to these findings the mandibular fossa seems to serve as a resting position for the mandibular head and the initial movement of the TMJ seems to be rostral translation of the mandibular head and articular disc onto the articular tubercle. The predominant type of tissue and the high amount of cells reaching up to the articular surface propose the capability for adaptional changes to altering biomechanical conditions and regenerative capacities. Thus, this study provides a possible explanation for the low prevalence of equine TMJ disease. Further clinical and cell biological studies are recommended. Additionally, the obtained results provide a basis for prospective histopathological examinations. The extended understanding of TMJ biomechanics facilitates a more detailed, clinical examination of TMJ pathologies and dysfunctions

Water as a Part of the Public Trust: A Review of Select State Codes

The purpose of this paper is to survey state codes primarily in the Western States for the purpose of determining the extent to which water resources have been explicitly identified as a part of the state's public trust. Our primary interest was in states wherein water law is based on the prior appropriation doctrine. A strict limitation was found to be impractical, given that some states have water rights based on prior appropriation and the riparian doctrine.Each code is arbitrarily graded A, B, or C, to indicate the strength of public trust statements found in the state codes. We recognize that the State's Supreme Court, not the legislature, decides what resources are included in a public trust, as well as any limits on the legislature's issuance of usufructuary rights to use the resource. Therefore, this was taken into account when grading the state's code.The method used to access data reported here was using a keyword search in Lexis-Nexis. The reader should keep in mind that the authors are not lawyers nor were the state codes reviewed in their entirety. The key words used in the search were: "public trust", "public interest", and "water". Working Paper #2002-00

This Great Struggle: America\u27s Civil War

A Civil War Overview The long and enviable publication record of Steven Woodworth, Professor of History at Texas Christian University, is well-known among specialists in the Civil War era. This Great Struggle: America’s Civil War enables readers seeking the highlights of Woodwor...

Emancipation, the Union Army, and the Reelection of Abraham Lincoln

A Contrarian Look at Union Soldiers in the Election of 1864 Although Jonathan White completed his dissertation at the University of Maryland, the spirit of his undergraduate education infuses his Emancipation, The Union Army, and the Reelection of Abraham Lincoln. As an undergraduat...

Review of \u3ci\u3eWar Party in Blue: Pawnee Scouts in the U.S. Army\u3c/i\u3e by Mark van de Logt

There are many positive things to say about Mark van de Logt\u27s study of Pawnee Indian scouts. The research, particularly in primary sources, is deep, while van de Logt\u27s prose is so clean it practically sparkles. War Party in Blue is the result of great care taken by both author and press. Van de Logt\u27s intent, as expressed in his clear and concise introduction, is to revise traditional interpretations that attribute the scouts\u27 success to Major Frank North\u27s leadership. Given the contours of historical scholarship in the mid-twentieth century, as well as the voluminous accounts left us by Luther North, Frank\u27s brother, this state of affairs was probably unavoidable. War Party in Blue seeks to correct these accounts by placing the experiences of the Pawnee scouts themselves at the center of the story. Instead of promising us a traditional narrative supplemented by Pawnee sources, van de Logt argues that military service reinforced established Pawnee martial values and customs, while the maintenance of these values, customs, and, one might add, tribal enmities toward other American Indians in the region, explain the effectiveness of the Pawnees as auxiliaries of the United States Army. Far from leading the Pawnees, North and his officers, a disconcerting number of whom were personally related, were only nominally in charge, as the tactics, style, and conduct of warfare were decidedly Pawnee. Although the scouts proudly wore the army blue ... they never ceased to be Pawnees, van de Logt concludes. The Pawnee battalion was truly a war party in blue

The Republic For Which It Stands: The United States During Reconstruction And The Gilded Age, 1865-1896

The Gilded Age Revised? Historians often write of Reconstruction and the Gilded Age as if they were separate and consecutive eras, Richard White declares near the beginning of The Republic for Which It Stands: The United States during Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865-1896, but the ...