Ajdukiewicz o stosowalności czystej logiki do zagadnień filozoficznych

Ajdukiewicz about the applicability of pure logic to philosophical issues the paper is an analysis of the arguments contained by Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz in his article On the applicability of pure logic to philosophical issues (1934). the author argues that philosophers in support of their claims can not use pure logic statements as evidence. Because theses formulate their common language, they can only appeal to the logic of everyday language, an alternative to the modern systems of symbolic logic

Categories of First-Order Quantifiers

One well known problem regarding quantifiers, in particular the 1storder quantifiers, is connected with their syntactic categories and denotations. The unsatisfactory efforts to establish the syntactic and ontological categories of quantifiers in formalized first-order languages can be solved by means of the so called principle of categorial compatibility formulated by Roman Suszko, referring to some innovative ideas of Gottlob Frege and visible in syntactic and semantic compatibility of language expressions. In the paper the principle is introduced for categorial languages generated by the Ajdukiewicz’s classical categorial grammar. The 1st-order quantifiers are typically ambiguous. Every 1st-order quantifier of the type k \u3e 0 is treated as a two-argument functorfunction defined on the variable standing at this quantifier and its scope (the sentential function with exactly k free variables, including the variable bound by this quantifier); a binary function defined on denotations of its two arguments is its denotation. Denotations of sentential functions, and hence also quantifiers, are defined separately in Fregean and in situational semantics. They belong to the ontological categories that correspond to the syntactic categories of these sentential functions and the considered quantifiers. The main result of the paper is a solution of the problem of categories of the 1st-order quantifiers based on the principle of categorial compatibility

Wprowadzenie do filozofii matematyki

Dwa pierwsze wykłady mają charakter zdecydowanie ogólny. W pierwszym usiłowałem objaśnić, czym jest współcześnie filozofia, jakie miejsce zajmuje w niej refleksja nad nauką i jakie są jej odmiany; w drugim starałem się usytuować matematykę w konstelacji ogółu dyscyplin naukowych mając na względzie ich zróżnicowanie pod różnymi względami istotnymi z filozoficznego punktu widzenia. Wykład trzeci wprowadza w problematykę ontologii, istotną w kontekście dyskusji nad przedmiotem matematyki. Z uwagi na to, że jako cel dociekań naukowych wskazuje się zazwyczaj zbudowanie teorii, wykład czwarty poświęciłem pojęciu teorii. Pokazuję w nim, że to, co się faktycznie określa mianem teorii w matematyce i w naukach ścisłych w istotny sposób odbiega od pojęcia teorii jako systemu aksjomatyczno-dedukcyjnego. Kolejne wykłady, od piątego do dziewiątego, traktują o pojęciach, procedurach i twierdzeniach, które zazwyczaj są przedmiotem dyscyplin określanych mianem logiki formalnej, metalogiki bądź metamatematyki. Znalazły się one tutaj ze względu na to, że nie wszyscy studenci i absolwenci matematyki, do których ta książka jest adresowana, dysponują wystarczającym zasobem wiadomości z tych dziedzin, a bez nich problemy współczesnej filozofii matematyki pozostałyby niezrozumiałe. Ta część wykładów ma zatem charakter wyraźnie propedeutyczny, a przy tym elementarny. Wykład dziesiąty informuje o tzw. twierdzeniach limitacyjnych, za sprawą których zawiodły pewne oczekiwania związane z formalizacją rozumowań matematycznych i zmienił się obraz matematyki jako tzw. nauki formalnej. Wykłady jedenasty i dwunasty traktują o dwóch centralnych problemach współczesnej filozofii matematyki i zarazem odwiecznych problemach filozoficznych. Są to pytania o przedmiot matematyki i swoistość poznania matematycznego. W wykładzie trzynastym (ostatnim) podejmuję problem, na czym polega korzystanie z matematyki w „naukach realnych”, a przede wszystkim w fizyce.Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00

Charge state evolution in electron beam ion trap

Recently, at the M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics of the Jagiellonian University a commercial electron beam ion trap (EBIT) was installed for teaching and scientific purposes. The first experiments were focused on observation of radiative recombination and dielectronic recombination. An investigation of higher order resonant recombination processes was also initiated. These recombination processes depend strongly on the charge state of the ions involved in these processes. The EBIT plasma contains always a mixture of different charge states. Therefore, the charge-state distribution of the ions is crucial for the observed atomic processes. A new diagnostics tool for this distribution and a possibility of its manipulation form the main goal of the present paper which may help to better understand the processes investigated with an EBIT

Sub-cellular location of FtsH proteases in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp PCC 6803 suggests localised PSII repair zones in the thylakoid membranes

Marie Curie Initial Training Networks. Grant Number: FP7-PEOPLE-ITN-2008 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council. Grant Numbers: BB/G021856, BB/F020554/

New insights into the possible role of bacteriophages in host defense and disease

BACKGROUND: While the ability of bacteriophages to kill bacteria is well known and has been used in some centers to combat antibiotics – resistant infections, our knowledge about phage interactions with mammalian cells is very limited and phages have been believed to have no intrinsic tropism for those cells. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS: At least some phages (e.g., T4 coliphage) express Lys-Arg-Gly (KGD) sequence which binds β3 integrins (primarily αIIbβ3). Therefore, phages could bind β3+ cells (platelets, monocytes, some lymphocytes and some neoplastic cells) and downregulate activities of those cells by inhibiting integrin functions. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS: Binding of KGD+ phages to β3 integrin+ cells may be detected using standard techniques involving phage – mediated bacterial lysis and plaque formation. Furthermore, the binding may be visualized by electron microscopy and fluorescence using labelled phages. Binding specificity can be confirmed with the aid of specific blocking peptides and monoclonal antibodies. In vivo effects of phage – cell interactions may be assessed by examining the possible biological effects of β3 blockade (e.g., anti-metastatic activity). IMPLICATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS: If, indeed, phages can modify functions of β3+ cells (platelets, monocytes, lymphocytes, cancer cells) they could be important biological response modifiers regulating migration and activities of those cells. Such novel understanding of their role could open novel perspectives in their potential use in treatment of cardiovascular and autoimmune disease, graft rejection and cancer

Application of Artificial Neural Networks for Predicting Imidazole Derivatives' Antimicrobial Activity against Enterococcus faecalis

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have emerged as a valuable tool in facilitating the design of synthesis and guiding subsequent biological experiments in the systematic exploration for novel antimicrobial agents. In this paper, two multilayer perceptron-type neural networks (MLP) are designed to predict the biological activity of compounds based on their physicochemical properties and structure. This approach was tested against Enterococcus faecalis using a series of 140 imidazole derivatives. The use of quaternary ammonium salts in this research originated from their acknowledged ability to act as antiseptics and disinfectants. Additionally, they were considered promising in addressing various microorganisms, including Gram-positive bacteria. The designed regression model accurately predicted the minimum inhibitory concentration for E. faecalis growth. The coefficient of correlation between the actual values and the network predictions for the training set was R=0.91, for the test set was R=0.91, and for the validation set was R=0.97.Additionally, the classification model successfully categorized the tested compounds as predictively active or inactive against the targeted microorganism (classification accuracy: 92.86%). Sensitivity analyses highlighted specific molecular descriptors derived from the Molecular Properties block, such as log P, refractive index, molecular weight, and atom count, as pivotal factors influencing model construction. In summary, the above-mentioned discoveries emphasize the practicality of Artificial Neural Network models in forecasting the antibacterial effectiveness of quaternary ammonium salts against E. faecalis. The application of ANNs in data analysis allows for efficient optimization and cost reduction by streamlining the compound synthesis process towards achieving the desired properties. By harnessing the computational power of ANNs, researchers can effectively narrow down the pool of potential compounds, thereby expediting the discovery of promising antimicrobial substances

Akkermansia muciniphila - impact on the cardiovascular risk, the intestine inflammation and obesity

Contemporary scientific discussions are increasingly focusing on Akkermansia muciniphila due to its complex influence on intestinal physiology. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the various effects Akkermansia muciniphila has on intestinal inflammation, while also exploring its potential associations with obesity and cardiovascular diseases. A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate with the following keywords: Akkermansia muciniphila, obesity, cardiovascular risk, and inflammatory bowel diseases. The aim of our mini-review was to examine the impact of Akkermansia bacteria on the intestines, cardiovascular system, and its relationship with obesity. Through a detailed review of current literature, the article seeks to elucidate the complex interactions of Akkermansia muciniphila within the human body, highlighting its potential contributions to health improvement and medical interventions. Research indicates that Akkermansia muciniphila positively correlates with maintaining intestinal health, modulating the cardiovascular system, and aiding in weight management. However, the number of studies available is small, and the effects of Akkermansia muciniphila on human health require further research

Surgical treatment of rectal cancer in Poland — a report from a prospective, multi-centre observational study PSSO_01 conducted under the auspices of the Polish Society of Surgical Oncology

Introduction. Since 2016, as part of the PSSO_01 multi-centre research project conducted under the auspices of the Polish Society of Surgical Oncology, clinical data on rectal cancer treatment have been collected. The objective of the study was to illustrate the state of early results of surgical treatment. Material and methods. The research project is multi-centre in nature. Data shall be collected electronically. The study protocol does not impose or suggest any course of procedure. It only systematizes the way data are collected for scientific purposes. The analysis of early results of surgical treatment was compared with the results of population studies from other European countries (Netherlands, Belgium). Results. By the end of June 2018, 736 patients were registered in the study. In 399 (54.2%) an anterior resection was performed. More than half of patients undergoing subsequent surgical treatment (54.2%) receive neoadjuvant treatment, with the percentage of patients undergoing radiotherapy or radiochemical treatment for lower rectal cancer being about 70%. Most patients (96%) are operated in elective procedure. The percentage of laparoscopic surgeries is low (8.6%). Postoperative complications are observed in 21.1% of patients. Severe complications (grades III–V according to Clavien-Dindo classification) occur in 7.6% of patients undergoing surgery. Postoperative mortality is 1.1%. Discussion. Although the project does not have the character of a registry and does not allow for drawing wider conclusions concerning the compliance with the standards of qualification for neoadjuvant treatment, the important information is that more than half of rectal cancer patients receive preoperative treatment, and the percentage of severe postoperative complications does not exceed 10%. Conclusions. The results of the PSSO_01 project are representative and reflect the actual situation concerning surgical treatment of rectal cancer patients in Poland