Taxonomy, paleoecology and chronobiostratigraphy across the ediacaran-cambrian boundary : tamengo and guaicurus formations

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia, 2019.Neste trabaho são apresentados resultados do estudo taxonômico e de distribuição estratigráfica de vinte e seis espécies de fósseis que integram a assemblagem fossilífera estudada a partir das formações Tamengo e Guaicurus em cinco seções na região de Corumbá e Ladário, a saber: Pedreiras Corcal e Laginha, Porto Sobramil, Porto Figueiras e Ecoparque Cacimba. Adicionalmente são apresentadas inferências paleoecológicas e paleoambientais com base na ocorrência desta assemblagem fóssil e na atualização da descrição litoestratigráfica destas seções. Cloudina carinata Cortijo et al., 2010, até então com ocorrências documentadas na Espanha e Sibéria, foi identificada a partir dos siltitos da Formação Tamengo na seção do Porto Figueiras, este registro representa a primeira ocorrência desta espécie em continente americano. A paelobiota estudada é composta por quatro espécies de organismos bentônicos sésseis: três metazoários biomineralizadores Cloudina lucianoi (Beurlen & Sommer, 1957), Cloudina carinata, Corumbella werneri Hahn et al., 1982, pelo vendotaenideo Vendotaenia antiqua Gnilovskaya, 1971, e pelo registro fragmentos de poríferos. O presente trabalho também aborda taxonomia e distribuição estratigráfica de quatro icnoespécies: Gordia marina Emmons, 1844, Pilichnus cf. P. dichotomus Uchman, 1999, Didymaulichnus lyelli (Rouault, 1850) e Multina minima Uchman, 2001 que integram a icnofauna bentônica vágil atualizada para a porção superior do Grupo Corumbá. Também é apresentado taxonomia sistemática para as duas espécies de macroalgas na Formação Guaicurus: Eoholynia corumbensis Gaucher et al., 2003 and Tawuia dalensis Hofmann, 1979 in (Hofmann & Aitken, 1979). A diversidade de espécies es da Formação Tamengo foi complementada pela ocorrência de dezesseis espécies de microfósseis que possivelmente representavam o plâncton marinho, composta por espécimes permineralizados de Chuaria circularis Walcott, 1899 e pela ocorrência de outras quinze espécies de microfósseis de parede orgânica: Arctacellularia januarensis Denezine, 2018 nomem nudum, Leiosphaeridia ternata (Timofeev, 1966), Leiosphaeridia crassa (Naumova, 1949), Leiosphaeridia jacutica (Timofeev, 1966), Leiosphaeridia minutissima (Naumova, 1949), Leiosphaeridia tenuissima Eisenack, 1958, Leiosphaeridia obsuleta (Naumova, 1949), Bavlinella faveolata Vidal, 1976, Bambuites erichsenii Sommer, 1971, Synsphaeridium sp., Jacutianema sp., Lophosphaeridium sp., Ostiama microcystis Hermann, 1976 in (Timofeev et al., 1976), Navifusa sp. e Gen 1. sp. 1 (chitinozoan like flask-shaped). Foram identificadas significativa mudança nas condições paleoambientais de deposição entre as formações Tamengo e Guaicurus. Esta mudança parece estar relacionada com a eliminação de quase 95% da assemblagem fossilífera entre as formações Tamengo e Guaicurus durante a passagem Ediacariano-Cambriano. Dentre todas as vinte e duas espécies restritas à Formação Tamengo, houve apenas uma sobrevivente, a icnoespécie Multina mínima. Este desaparecimento local pode estar relacionado com a extinção global experimentada no limite Ediacariano-Cambriano, sendo aqui interpretado como um evento de extinção em massa. Adicionalmente foram feitas preparações palinológicas e análises de amostras do Ediacariano mais superior provenientes de seções de três países, com recuperação de nove espécies de microfósseis orgânicos na Formação Nomtsas, Namíbia, quatro espécies na Formação Tagatiya Guazu, Paraguai e seis espécies na Formação Dengying, China. Estes resultados ampliaram o escasso registro de espécies de microfósseis orgânicos para as seções do Ediacariano mais superior. Com base nos resultados taxonômicos e na distribuição estratigráfica das espécies, foi proposto ensaio bioestratigráfico consituido por sete biozonas: Superzona de Assemblagem Cloudina; inseridas nesta superzona há três biozonas distribuídas em seções do Brasil e do Paraguai, denominadas Zona diferencial inferior Cloudina lucianoi/Corumbella werneri; Zona de Amplitude Corumbella werneri; Zona diferencial superior Corumbellla werneri/Cloudina lucianoi; Subzona de Assemblagem Bavlinella faveolata-Leiosphaeridia minutissima. Esta subzona está inserida na base da Zona de Amplitude Corumbella werneri. A subzona Vendotaenia antiqua-Cloudina lucianoi Concurrent-Range Subzone está inserida no topo da Zona diferencial superior Corumbellla werneri/Cloudina lucianoi. Por último a Zona de Assemblagem Didymaulichnus lyelli/Eoholynia corumbensis foi proposta. Esta biozona pertence ao Eo-Cambriano e está restrita, até o momento, à localidade da pedreira Laginha.This work presents results of the taxonomic study and the stratigraphic distribution of twenty-six species of Tamengo and Guaicurus formations in five sections in the Corumbá and Ladário regions: Corcal and Laginha quarries, Porto Sobramil, Porto Figueiras and Ecoparque Cacimba. In addition, paleoecological and paleoenvironmental inferences are presented based on the occurrence of this fossil assemblage and the updating of the lithostratigraphic description of the sections of upper Corumbá Group. Cloudina carinata Cortijo et al., 2010, had documented occurrences in Spain and Siberia, and now it is presented unprecedented occurrence in America continent, from siltstones of the Tamengo Formation at Porto Figueiras section, Brazil. The studied paelobiota is composed of three biomineralizing metazoan: Cloudina lucianoi (Beurlen & Sommer, 1957), Cloudina carinata, Corumbella werneri Hahn et al., 1982, poriferous spicules, putative sponge gemmule and sessile epibionts prokaryotic-colony Vendotaenia antiqua Gnilovskaya, 1971. The present work also deals with taxonomy and stratigraphic distribution of the four ichnospecies: Gordia marina Emmons, 1844, Pilichnus cf. P. dichotomus Uchman, 1999, Didymaulichnus lyelli (Rouault, 1850) and Multina minima Uchman, 2001 that integrate the updated benthic vagile ichnofauna for upper portion of Corumbá Group. Three vendotaenid species were identified: Vendotaenia antiqua in Tamengo Formation, and two species in Guaicurus Formation: Eoholynia corumbensis Gaucher et al., 2003 and Tawuia dalensis Hofmann, 1979 in (Hofmann & Aitken, 1979). The species diversity of the Tamengo Formation fossil assemblage was complemented by the occurrence of sixteen microfissil species that possibly represented marine planktic, characterized by the permineralized microfossil Chuaria circularis Walcott, 1899 and other fifteen species of small sphaeromorphs organic-walled microfossils: Arctacellularia januarensis Denezine, 2018 nomem nudum, Leiosphaeridia ternata (Timofeev, 1966), Leiosphaeridia crassa (Naumova, 1949), Leiosphaeridia jacutica (Timofeev, 1966), Leiosphaeridia minutissima (Naumova, 1949), Leiosphaeridia tenuissima Eisenack, 1958, Leiosphaeridia obsuleta (Naumova, 1949), Bavlinella faveolata Vidal, 1976, Bambuites erichsenii Sommer, 1971, Synsphaeridium sp., Jacutianema sp., Lophosphaeridium sp., Ostiama microcystis Hermann, 1976 in (Timofeev et al., 1976), Navifusa sp. and Gen. 1 sp. 1. A dramatic changed was identified in paleoenvironmental conditions for deposition of Tamengo and Guaicurus formations. It can be clearly seen that there is a possibility of these changes contributing to the elimination of almost 95% of the paleobiota, including the extinction of the epibenthic metazoan and the disappearance of planktic organic-walled microfossil. Among all twenty-two species restricted to Tamengo Formation, there was only one survivior, the ichnospecies Multina minima that occurs in both of these formations. This local disappearance could be attributed to the global Ediacaran-Cambrian mass extinction. In addition, samples were prepared and analyzed from sections of three countries where organic-walled microfossils were recovered: nine species from the Nomtsas Formation, Namibia; four species from the Tagatiya Guazu Formation, Paraguay; and six species from the Dengying Formation, China. These results increased the scarce record of organic-walled microfossils species from these additional uppermost Ediacaran selected sections. Based on the taxonomic results and the stratigraphic distribution of the species identified from the Tamengo Formation in the Corcal quarry, a biostratigraphic essay consisting of seven biozones was proposed. Based on the complementation of the micropaleontological data for the three additional studied sections, and based on the paleontological record present in the bibliography for other selected sections, the Tamengo Formation biozones could be extended covering fifteen uppermost Ediacaran sections from nine countries: Brazil (four sections), Paraguay (three sections), Uruguay, Argentina, Namibia, China, Russia, Canada, United States and Oman, one section each. The seven biozones proposed were named, from bottom to top: Cloudina Assemblage Superzone that is distributed in all 15 analyzed sections. Inserted in this superzone, there are three biozones: Cloudina lucianoi/Corumbella werneri Interval Zone; Corumbella werneri Range Zone; Corumbellla werneri/Cloudina lucianoi Interval Zone, these three biozones have geographic distribution until the present which is restricted to Brazil and Paraguay. Two subzones are proposed: Bavlinella faveolata-Leiosphaeridia minutissima Assemblage Subzone inserted in the base of Corumbella werneri Range Zone and Vendotaenia antiqua-Cloudina lucianoi Concurrent-Range Subzone at the upper portion of the Corumbella werneri/Cloudina lucianoi Interval Zone. The first subzone spans across Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Namibia and China, the second across Brazil, Namibia, China and Siberia. Finally, Eoholynia corumbensis Range Zone was proposed in the base of Guaicurus Formation at Laginha quarry, lowermost Cambrian, which is restricted to Laginha quarry locality so far

Estudo cronobioestratigráfico da formação Vila Maria : litoestratigrafia e paleontologia do limite ordoviciano-siluriano da Bacia do Paraná, estados de Goiás e de Mato Grosso, Brasil central

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, 2014.O Grupo Rio Ivaí é constituído por três Formações: Alto Garças, Iapó e Vila Maria. Os principais afloramentos deste grupo, no norte da bacia do Paraná, estão localizados em uma estreita faixa com direção aproximadamente leste-oeste. Esta faixa, na borda norte da bacia do Paraná, se estende a aproximadamente 150km, onde se localizam os quatro importantes afloramentos da Formação Vila Maria, estudados no presente trabalho: seção-tipo, seção-tipo suplementar, seção da Fazenda Três Barras e seção do Bairro COHAB. Na porção superior da Formação Iapó e na base da Formação Vila Maria, na localidade dos afloramentos da seção-tipo e seção do Bairro COHAB, foram identificadas ocorrências de braquiópodes bentônicos epifaunal Orbiculoidea? sp. e infaunal Dignomia? sp. Nos folhelhos basais da seção-tipo suplementar da Formação Vila Maria há ocorrências de moldes internos e externos de três espécies de Ostracoda: Satiellina jamairiensis Vannier 1986; Conchoprimitia circularis n. sp., e Gen. 1 et sp. 1. Adicionalmente a esta comunidade bentônica de Ostracoda, foram identificadas ocorrências de Brachiopoda Orbiculoidea? sp., Bivalvia Nuculites? sp. e Gastropoda Bucanella? sp., bem como incertae sedis. A porção intermediária da Formação Vila Maria nesta localidade é composta por pelitos micáceos, a ocorrência fossilífera é restrita à Orbiculoidea? sp e palinomorfos. Na porção superior, francamente arenosa, há ocorrência da icnoespécie Arthrophycus alleghaniensis (Hall, 1852). Com base nas espécies de Ostracoda, a porção inferior pelítica da Formação Vila Maria foi reposicionada no Ordoviciano mais superior. Com base nas ocorrências da espécie de palinomorfo Laevolancis divellomedia Burgess & Richardson, 1991 na porção intermediária da Formação Vila Maria, referida em trabalhos cronoestratigráficos prévios, e no posicionamento das ocorrências de Arthrophycus alleghaniensis na porção arenosa superior no presente trabalho, pode-se considerar estes intervalos como sendo Landoveriano (Siluriano inferior). Assim sendo, com base no posicionamento destas ocorrências fossilíferas nos distintos intervalos litoestratigráficos, pode-se indicar que a base da Formação Vila Maria pertence ao Ordoviciano mais superior e as porções intermediária e superior ao Siluriano inferior (Landoveriano). Adicionalmente ao estudo cronobioestratigráfico da Formação Vila Maria, são atualizadas as informações cartográficas para os principais afloramentos na região estudada.The Rio Ivaí Group consists of three formations: Alto Garças, Iapó and Vila Maria. The main outcrops of this group in northern Paraná basin. These outcrops are located in a narrow belt with roughly east-west direction. This belt in the northern border of the Paraná basin, extends approximately 150km, where are located the four major outcrops of the Vila Maria Formation, studied in this work: Type-section, supplementary type-section, Três Barras Farm section and Neighborhood COHAB section. At the top of Iapó Formation and the base of the Vila Maria Formation occurrences of benthic Brachiopoda, epiphaunal Orbiculoidea? sp. and inphaunal Dignomia? sp. from outcrops of the type-section and Neighborhood COHAB section. In the basal shales of the supplemental type-section of the Vila Maria Formation occurrences of internal and external molds of three species of Ostracoda are described: Satiellina jamairiensis Vannier 1986; Conchoprimitia circularis n. sp., and Gen. 1 et sp. 1. In addition to this community of benthic Ostracoda, occurrences of Brachiopoda Orbiculoidea? sp., Bivalvia Nuculites? sp. and Gastropoda Bucanella? sp. were described as well as Incertae Sedis. The intermediate portion of the Vila Maria Formation, consists of fossiliferous and micaceous siltstone. In this interval, the fossiliferous occurrence is restricted to Orbiculoidea? sp and palynomorphs. The upper portion is sandy frankly, with occurrence of ichnospecies Arthrophycus alleghaniensis (Hall, 1852). Based on the species of Ostracoda, the pelitic basal portion of the Vila Maria Formation was repositioned in the uppermost Ordovician. Based on the occurrence of palynomorph species Laevolancis divellomedia Burgess & Richardson, 1991 in the middle portion of the Vila Maria Formation mentioned in previous chronostratigraphics works, as well as, the occurrences Arthrophycus alleghaniensis in the superior sandy portion herein presented, it is possible to consider these intervals as Llandovery (lower Silurian). Thus, the positioning of these occurrences indicates that the fossil assemblage of the lower portion of Vila Maria Formation belongs to uppermost Ordovician and the intermediate and upper portions to lower Silurian (Llandovery). In addition to this chronobiostratigraphic study of Vila Maria Formation, it was update cartographic information for all major outcrops in the study area

New facies model and carbon isotope stratigraphy for an ediacaran carbonate platform from South America (Tamengo Formation—Corumbá Group, SW Brazil)

The Ediacaran is a period characterized by the diversification of early animals and extensive neritic carbonate deposits. These deposits are still not well understood in terms of facies and carbon isotope composition (δ13C). In this study we focus on the Tamengo Formation, in southwestern Brazil, which constitutes one of the most continuous and well-preserved sedimentary record of the late Ediacaran in South America. We present new detailed lithofacies and stable isotopes data from two representative sections (Corcal and Laginha) and revise the paleoenvironmental and stratigraphic interpretation of the Tamengo Formation. The Corcal section consists of neritic deposits including shallow-water limestone beds, alternated with shale and subordinate marl beds. These facies yield specimens of the Ediacaran fossils Cloudina lucianoi and Corumbella werneri. On the other hand, the Laginha section shows more heterogeneous facies, such as impure carbonates, breccias, marls, and subordinate mudstone beds, as well as no evidence of Corumbella werneri. The stable carbon isotope record is also different between the two sections, despite belonging to the same unit. The Corcal section displays higher and more homogeneous δ13C values, consistent with those of Ediacaran successions worldwide. The Laginha section, instead, displays more variable δ13C values, which suggest the influence of local and post depositional processes. The difference between the two sections was attributed to the different distance from the shore. We propose that the difference is due to topographic variations of the continental platform, which, at the Laginha site, was steeper and controlled by extensional faults. Therefore, the Corcal section is a better reference for the Tamengo Formation, whereas the Laginha is more particular and influenced by local factors. Besides, the lithofacies associations of the Tamengo Formation are like those of the Doushantuo and Dengying formatios, in South China, with no significant biogenic carbonate buildups, and different from those of other important Ediacaran units, such as the Nama Group in Nmibia and the Buah Formation in Oman. Our work highlights the complexity and heterogeneity of Ediacaran carbonate platforms and of their carbon isotopic composition. In addition, we characterize the Corcal section as a possible reference for the Ediacaran in South America

A summary of the Brazilian Paraná Basin Ordovician

The study of the Ordovician of Paraná Basin culminated on the three-fold lithostratigraphic subdivision of the Rio Ivaí Group as follows: Alto Garças, Iapó and Vila Maria formations. The history of deposition of these rocks is linked to the transition from a marine fluvial environment into the glacial diamictites and shales with dropstones, overlain by post-glacial transgressive shales, siltstones and sandstones. The OrdovicianâSilurian transition is marked by a glacial and an extinction event that impacted the marine diversity of life and the permanence of the first land plants. At least three sections, designated as the sections 1, 2 and 3 below, had their sedimentary facies, taphonomy, organic carbon content and thermal maturation analysed as well as their macro- and microfossil assemblages recognized. All studied sections were productive for macro- and microfossils, although the section 1 has limited occurrence and lower preservation of palynomorphs. The greatest fossil diversity was recovered from the section 2. To date, the diversity recovered from the OrdovicianâSilurian of the Paraná Basin comprises 12 fossil groups, namely ostracods, brachiopods, bivalves, gastropods, cryptospores, fungi, acritarchs, chitinozoans, prasinophyte algae, scole­codonts, a possible graptolite and, more recently, a trilobite of the order Dalmanitidae. 51 species of palynomorphs of terrestrial and marine origin were recognized. This is the highest diversity reported from the glacialâpostglacial transition in the OrdovicianâSilurian boundary interval of Brazil. 18 species of cryptospores, acritarchs and fungi occur in the basal diamictites (the Iapó Formation) as well as the discinoid Kosoidea australis. In the upper part of these diamictites, the palynomorph assemblage comprises 26 taxa, most of which persist also in the postglacial shales. Still, in the shales with dropstones of the Iapó Formation, brachiopods (K. australis, infaunal lingulids, ?Palaeoglossa and rhynchonelliformeans), endemic ostracods such as Satiellina paranaensis and pyritized specimens of a widely common Hirnantian index species Harpabollia harparum occur together with indeterminable ostracod species. At least two different species of bivalve mollusks were also found as well as a gastropod species (Bucanellasp.). Observing the palynomorph assemblage, it was possible to record also chitinozoans restricted to the lowermost portion of the Vila Maria Formation. This part of the formation was observed in the outcrops 2 and 3 and contains postglacial chitinozoan assemblages that are not younger than the earliest Rhuddanian. Some centimeters above this interval but still in the lower part of the Vila Maria Formation, the occurrence of Spinachitina debbajae followed by Spinachitina silurica refer to the Silurian in the Paraná Basin. In the section 1, the recovery of a trilobite thorax configures the oldest record of this group in Brazil and shows that this ancient sea was also thriving with life even after the glaciation-related Hirnantian extinction event

The earliest ostracoda record from Brazil: Vila maria formation, rio ivaí group, paraná basin, central Brazil

Two species of Ostracoda are described for the first time from the parastratotype-section of Vila Maria Formation; this section is 30 m thick, located on the northern border of the Paraná Basin. The Vila Maria Formation records the Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian boundary of the Paraná Basin in Bom Jardim de Goiás, State of Goiás, central Brazil. The new species represents the earliest Ostracoda occurrence from Brazilian strata. Delicate internal and external molds of isolated valves are abundant in the basal portion of the parastratotype-section of Vila Maria Formation. This interval comprises black shales that record post-glacial marine transgression, overlapping the Upper Ordovician glacial sequence of the Iapó Formation. The paleogeographic reconstruction indicates that deposition of the basal portion of the Vila Maria Formation took place in high-latitude, cool water conditions at the margin of Gondwana, under similar environmental conditions to the Djeffara Formation in the Ghadames Basin and the Tichitt Group in the Taoudeni Basin, both in the Northern Africa.Duas espécies de Ostracoda têm ocorrências inéditas descritas a partir da seção-tipo suplementar da Formação Vila Maria, seção que tem 30 m de espessura, localizada na borda norte da Bacia do Paraná. A Formação Vila Maria está posicionada no limite Ordoviciano Superior-Siluriano inferior da Bacia do Paraná na região de Bom Jardim de Goiás, Estado de Goiás, Brasil central. As novas espécies descritas representam a ocorrência mais antiga de Ostracoda de estratos brasileiros. Moldes internos e externos de valvas isoladas são abundantes na porção basal da seção-tipo suplementar da Formação Vila Maria. Este intervalo é constituído por folhelhos pretos representando a transgressão marinha pós-glacial, sobrepostos aos diamictitos da Formação Iapó, que representa a sequência glacial do Neordoviciano na Bacia do Paraná. A reconstrução paleogeográfica indica que a deposição da porção basal da Formação Vila Maria ocorreu sob condições de altas latitudes e águas frias na margem de Gondwana, onde atualmente se localiza a América do Sul, sob condições semelhantes àquelas das Formações Djeffara na Bacia de Ghadames e Tichitt Group na Bacia do Taoudeni onde atualmente se localiza a porção norte da África.Fil: Adôrno, Rodrigo Rodrigues. Serviço Geológico do Brasil; BrasilFil: Do Carmo, Dermeval Aparecido. Universidade do Brasília; BrasilFil: Salas, Maria Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones Paleobiológicas; ArgentinaFil: Zabini, Carolina. Universidade Estadual de Campinas; BrasilFil: Assine, Mario Luis. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasi

The first record of Hirnantian Ostracoda in South America: Implications for the biostratigraphy and paleozoogeography of the Paraná basin

Herein is reported the first occurrence of ostracodes from the Iapó Formation, an uppermost Ordovician unit of the Rio Ivaí Group in the Paraná basin, Brazil. Two ostracode species were identified in the Três Barras Farm section: Harpabollia harparum (Troedsson, 1918) and Satiellina paranaensis Adôrno and Salas in Adôrno et al., 2016 were recovered from dropstone-bearing shale overlying glaciogenic diamictites, a feature typical of Hirnantian (uppermost Ordovician) strata throughout Gondwana. The taxonomy of the Genus Harpabollia, as well as its type species Harpabollia harparum, was reviewed, and emended and new diagnoses were respectively proposed for each taxon. Occurrences of Harpabollia harparum and Satiellina species were common in areas influenced by cold waters. Additionally, the occurrence of Harpabollia harparum, an index species to the uppermost Ordovician of several stratigraphic units in Baltica and southern Gondwana, allowed us to infer a Hirnantian age for the deposits of the Iapó Formation. Other than being associated with Harpabollia harparum in Iapó Formation of the Paraná basin, Satiellina paranaensis is also found in lower levels of the Vila Maria Formation; therefore, these are also considered Hirnantian in age. Above these lower levels of the Vila Maria Formation, a well-dated Rhuddanian (lowermost Llandovery, Silurian) palynomorph assemblage is observed within the formation. These occurrences are evidence of a continuous process of sedimentary deposition during the Ordovician-Silurian transition in the Paraná basin.Fil: Gonçalves, Lívio Reily De Oliveira. Universidade do Brasília; BrasilFil: Do Carmo, Dermeval Aparecido. Universidade Do Brasilia. Instituto de Geociencias; BrasilFil: Salas, Maria Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra; ArgentinaFil: Rodrigues Adôrno, Rodrigo. Universidade do Brasília; Brasil. Center for Technological Development; BrasilFil: Meidla, Tõnu. University of Tartu; EstoniaFil: Denezine, Matheus. Universidade do Brasília; BrasilFil: Rodrigues, Lívia Cardoso Da Silva. Universidade Do Brasilia. Instituto de Geociencias; BrasilFil: Assine, Mario Luis. Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Antonietto, Lucas Silveira. Universidade Do Brasilia. Instituto de Geociencias; Brasi