Unbundling Freedom in the Sharing Economy

Courts and scholars point to the sharing economy as the most recent proof that our labor amp employment infrastructure is obsolete because it rests on a narrow and outmoded idea ”namely that only workers subjected to direct personalized control by their employers need workrelated protections and benefits Since they diagnose the problem as being our system\u27s emphasis on control these critics have long called for reducing or eliminating the primacy of the control test in classifying workers as either protected employees or unprotected independent contractors Despite these persistent criticisms however the concept of control has been remarkably sticky in scholarly and judicial circlesbrbrThis Article argues that critics have misdiagnosed the reason why the control test is an unsatisfying method of classifying workers and dispensing workrelated safeguards Controlbased analysis is faulty because it only captures one of the two conflicting ways in which workers scholars and decisionmakers think about freedom at work One of these ways freedom as noninterference is adequately captured by the control test The other freedom as nondomination is not The tension between these two conceptions of freedom both deeply entrenched in American culture explains why the concept of control has been both faulty and sticky when it comes to worker classification brbrDrawing on a firstofitskind body of ethnographic fieldwork among workers and policymakers across several sharing economy industries this Article begins by showing how workers themselves conceptualize freedom as both noninterference and nondomination It then goes on to show that both these conceptualizations of freedom also exist in case law and statutory law pertaining to work In doing so the Article demonstrates that there is no great divide between work law and work practices and that if anything the problem is that classification doctrine reflects and reinforces an irresolvable tension in the way lay and legal actors think about freedom at wor

Consumo de fibras alimentares em população adulta Dietary fiber consumption in an adult population

OBJETIVO: As fibras alimentares estão entre os principais fatores da alimentação na prevenção de doenças crônicas. Por isso, objetivou-se estimar o consumo médio diário de fibras alimentares totais, insolúveis e solúveis, nas refeições de uma população de área metropolitana. MÉTODOS: Foi estudada uma amostra da população do Município de Cotia, SP, composta por 559 indivíduos com mais de 20 anos. O consumo alimentar foi obtido pelo método de história alimentar - dieta habitual. Foram identificadas as fontes de fibras nas refeições: desjejum, almoço e jantar. Com base na porção média, os alimentos foram classificados quanto ao conteúdo de fibras como: muito alto (7 g ou mais); alto (4,5 g a 6,9 g); moderado (2,4 g a 4,4 g) e baixo (< 2,4 g). RESULTADOS: O consumo médio diário da população foi de 24 g de fibras totais, sendo as quantidades médias de fibras insolúveis 17 g e, de solúveis, 7 g. O consumo de fibras alimentares entre mulheres e homens foi, respectivamente, 20 g e 29 g (p<0,01). A maioria dos alimentos presentes na dieta continha baixo teor de fibras. O feijão foi o único alimento com alto teor de fibras na dieta habitual e, a principal fonte de fibra na alimentação. O almoço e o jantar foram as refeições que forneceram maior quantidade de fibras. CONCLUSÕES: Constatou-se baixo consumo de fibras alimentares, com diferenças estatisticamente significante entre os sexos. As práticas alimentares revelaram que a dieta é constituída por alimentos pobres em fibras alimentares.<br>OBJECTIVE: The dietary fiber has emerged as a leading dietary factor in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. I was estimated the average consumption of total dietary fiber (DF), insoluble fiber (IF) and soluble fiber (SF) in the meals of both sex adults from the town of Cotia, a metropolitan area in S. Paulo State, Brazil. METHODS: A population sample of Cotia country, S. Paulo (Brazil), consisted of 559 adults older than 20 years old, was studied. Food consumption was assessed by the dietary history habits. The amount of dietary fiber in each meal (breakfast, lunch and diner) was estimated by the serving size. The foods were classified according to their fiber content in Very High (7 g or more), High (4.5 to 6.9), Moderate (2.4 to 4.4) and Low (<2.4). RESULTS: The average population's consumption of dietary fiber was of 24 g/day, with an average consumption of insoluble fiber of 17 g/day and soluble of 7 g/day. Among women, the average consumption was 20 g/day and among men 29 g/day (p<0.01). Most of the foods in their diet were classified as having a low content of dietary fiber. Beans were the most important dietary fiber source in the population diet. Lunch and diner were the meal with a higher content of dietary fiber. CONCLUSIONS: A low consumption of dietary fiber in the population sample could be detected. Their usual sources of dietary fiber were poor