The “tragic” story of the conquest in books and printed papers of men of letters in the independent provinces of New Granada, 1811-1821

Este artículo estudia las producciones literarias de los hombres de letras en las provincias independientes de la Nueva Granada entre 1811-1821. Se muestra cómo durante ese período, al tiempo que se producían los procesos de emancipación y posteriormente la fundación de la República, esos actores sociales (sacerdotes, impresores, abogados y gentes de letras) empezaron a participar de manera crítica en la vieja discusión y polémica sobre la presencia de España en América desde el siglo XVI. Ello dio como resultado la aparición de varias versiones sobre el pasado y de la escritura de la historia referida a la conquista del territorio americano en la que se destacaban “los trescientos años de vejaciones”, la “opresión”, la “tiranía” y las “conductas inocuas de los españoles”. Escritura que respondía al compromiso asumido por los letrados de justificar la independencia y más tarde la República de Colombia. Lo que ponía así en evidencia la relación siempre existente de las narrativas y usos del pasado con los contextos políticos de una sociedad.This article studies the literary productions of the men of letters in the independent provinces of New Granada between 1811-1821. The aim is to show how these social actors (priests, printers, lawyers and literary people) began to participate critically in the old discussion during that period, at the same time as the emancipation processes and later the founding of the Republic. And controversy about the presence of Spain in America since the sixteenth century. This resulted in the appearance of several versions on the past and the writing of the history referred to the conquest of the American territory in which “the three hundred years of vexations”, “oppression”, “tyranny” and “Innocuous conduct of the Spaniards.” Writing that responded to the commitment assumed by lawyers to justify independence and later the Republic of Colombia. This made evident the ever-existing relationship of the narratives and uses of the past with the political contexts of a society

Nación e historia. La justificación e interpretación histórica de las naciones a finales del siglo XIX y en la primera mitad del XX

The purpose of this text is to provide the reader with an overview of the relationship between nation and history in the debates that were generated by historians and other scholars in the field of social sciences in the late 19th and the first half of thEl propósito de este texto es proporcionar al lector una visión general de la relación entre la nación y la historia en los debates que generaron los historiadores y otros académicos en el campo de las ciencias sociales a fines del siglo XIX y la primer

Hombres de letras en la provincia. Producción y comercio de libros en la República de Colombia, 1821-1874

Han sido pocos los estudios en la historiografía nacional sobre el proceso de producción y comercialización de libros en la República de Colombia durante el siglo xix. A partir del análisis de las actividades de los impresores, los escritores de textos, los comerciantes y las autoridades políticas en Cartagena, en este artículo se demostrará que la difusión de las letras en la sociedad republicana estuvo sujeta a la dinámica de impresión y comercialización de obras de educación impulsada por los hombres de letras desde las provincias. Esta dinámica se constituyó en la base inicial de la formación de un pequeño mercado editorial en la República y fue posible gracias a los usos de la libertad de imprenta, las demandas de la alfabetización y las negociaciones de los autores con los gobiernos locales y nacionales. Se busca así contribuir al análisis de un problema sobre el que existen escasos trabajos en el contexto regional colombiano.There are only a few studies found in the national history about the publishing and commercial distribution of books in the Republic of Colombia during the 19th Century. Based on the activities of the printers, text writers, merchants and political authorities in Cartagena, this article will demonstrate that the dissemination of literature in the republican society was subject to the dynamics of the printing and marketing of educational materials encouraged by the men of letters within the provinces. This was the foundation that led to the formation of a small publishing market in the Republic, a market made possible thanks to the freedom of the printing press, literacy demands, and the negotiations of the authors with local and national governments. The intent here is to contribute to the analysis of a problem about which there is limited availability of works in Colombia

Carlos Vladimir Villamizar Duarte. La Felicidad del Nuevo Reino de Granada. El Lenguaje Patriótico en Santafé (1791-1797).

Es uno de los objetivos centrales del texto tratar de comprender el proceso de formación de la “comunidad política imaginada” de la Monarquía española, esto es, los lazos políticos establecidos entre la Corona y sus Reinos, villas, ciudades o provincias, a partir del análisis de las invocaciones, las definiciones y los usos del concepto de patria en una sociedad que tan solo experimentó el nacimiento de la prensa y el periodismo a finales del siglo XVIII

Lux, Martha. 2014. Mujeres patriotas y realistas entre dos órdenes. Discursos, estrategias y tácticas en la guerra, la política y el comercio (Nueva Granada, 1790-1830). Bogotá: Ediciones Uniandes [312 pp.].

El lenguaje no es una realidad separable de las realidades sociales, un elenco de instrumentos neutros y atemporales del que se puede disponer a voluntad, sino una parte esencial de la realidad humana y, como ella, cambiante […]. François-Xavier Guerra y Annick Lempérière (1998, 8) Quiero empezar estas breves líneas recordando una de las principales orientaciones que marcó la agenda de investigación de la historia política latinoamericana a finales del siglo XX —y todavía hoy con más fuerza—..

Nación e historia. La justificación e interpretación histórica de las naciones a finales del siglo XIX y en la primera mitad del XX

The purpose of this text is to provide the reader with an overview of the relationship between nation and history in the debates that were generated by historians and other scholars in the field of social sciences in the late 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries. The main idea that is proposed here is to study and then show how modern nations were subject to a process of political redefinition in the intellectual landscape of the social sciences -and particularly of historians- while, at the same time, a set of debates and works was emerging, which was trying to question and place under scrutiny the relations that were sought to be established between nation and history as an element that justified them.El propósito de este texto es ofrecer una visión general de la relación entre nación e historia en los debates que se generaron por parte de los historiadores y otros intelectuales de las ciencias sociales a finales del siglo XIX y durante gran parte del siglo XX. La reflexión central que se plantea consiste entonces en estudiar y mostrar cómo al mismo tiempo que las naciones modernas eran objeto de un proceso de redefinición política, en el escenario intelectual de las ciencias sociales, y en particular de los historiadores, fueron apareciendo también un conjunto de debates y obras que intentaban problematizar y someter a consideración las relaciones que pretendían establecerse entre la nación y la historia como un elemento que las justificaba

The epidemiology of renal replacement therapy in two different parts of the worldThe Latin American Dialysis and Transplant Registry versus the European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association Registry

Publisher Copyright: © 2018 Pan American Health Organization. All rights reserved.Objective: To compare the epidemiology of renal replacement therapy (RRT) for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in Latin America and Europe, as well as to study differences in macro-economic indicators, demographic and clinical patient characteristics, mortality rates, and causes of death between these two populations. Methods: We used data from 20 Latin American and 49 European national and subnational renal registries that had provided data to the Latin American Dialysis and Renal Transplant Registry (RLADTR) and the European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) Registry, respectively. The incidence and prevalence of RRT in 2013 were calculated per million population (pmp), overall and by subcategories of age, sex, primary renal disease, and treatment modality. The correlation between gross domestic product and the prevalence of RRT was analyzed using linear regression. Trends in the prevalence of RRT between 2004 and 2013 were assessed using Joinpoint regression analysis. Results: In 2013, the overall incidence at day 91 after the onset of RRT was 181 pmp for Latin American countries and 130 pmp for European countries. The overall prevalence was 660 pmp for Latin America and 782 pmp for Europe. In the Latin American countries, the annual increase in the prevalence averaged 4.0% (95% confdence interval (CI): 2.5%-5.6%) from 2004 to 2013, while the European countries showed an average annual increase of 2.2% (95% CI: 2.0%-2.4%) for the same time period. The crude mortality rate was higher in Latin America than in Europe (112 versus 100 deaths per 1 000 patient-years), and cardiovascular disease was the main cause of death in both of those regions. Conclusions. There are considerable differences between Latin America and Europe in the epidemiology of RRT for ESRD. Further research is needed to explore the reasons for these differences.Peer reviewe

Extinction risk of Mesoamerican crop wild relatives

Ensuring food security is one of the world's most critical issues as agricultural systems are already being impacted by global change. Crop wild relatives (CWR)—wild plants related to crops—possess genetic variability that can help adapt agriculture to a changing environment and sustainably increase crop yields to meet the food security challenge. Here we report the results of an extinction risk assessment of 224 wild relatives of some of the world's most important crops (i.e. chilli pepper, maize, common bean, avocado, cotton, potato, squash, vanilla and husk tomato) in Mesoamerica—an area of global significance as a centre of crop origin, domestication and of high CWR diversity. We show that 35% of the selected CWR taxa are threatened with extinction according to The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List demonstrates that these valuable genetic resources are under high anthropogenic threat. The dominant threat processes are land use change for agriculture and farming, invasive and other problematic species (e.g. pests, genetically modified organisms) and use of biological resources, including overcollection and logging. The most significant drivers of extinction relate to smallholder agriculture—given its high incidence and ongoing shifts from traditional agriculture to modern practices (e.g. use of herbicides)—smallholder ranching and housing and urban development and introduced genetic material. There is an urgent need to increase knowledge and research around different aspects of CWR. Policies that support in situ and ex situ conservation of CWR and promote sustainable agriculture are pivotal to secure these resources for the benefit of current and future generations