Lifeguard assistance at Spanish Mediterranean beaches: Jellyfish prevail and proposals for improving risk management

Although beaches can be hazardous environments, few studies have identified injuries in broad coastal areas. We performed a retrospective descriptive study of injuries and other services provided by lifeguards during 2012 along the Spanish Mediterranean beaches. The trend in jellyfish stings was also examined for the period 2008–2012 using a standardised Sting Index. Obtaining data relied on voluntary cooperation of local authorities, resulting in data provided from 183 cities out of 234 present in the study area and 760 beach lifeguard stations (LGS) out of about 1200. Lifeguard stations provided an average of 89 days of service per year, from late June to the beginning of September. A total of 176,021 injuries were reported, of which jellyfish stings were the main need for assistance with 59.7% (n = 116,887) of the injuries and 257.0/LGS, followed by wounds (14.4%, 50.9/LGS), and sunburn (3.3%, 15.8/LGS). Apart from attending injuries, beach lifeguard services provided 21,174 other services such as help to disabled people (57.9/LGS), blood pressure measurements (12.7/LGS), rescues at sea (6.5/LGS), lost children (5.7/LGS), and transfers to the hospital (4.6/LGS). Official reported fatalities for all the beaches in 2012 were 24. We proposed a Sting Index (SI) to allow comparisons of the incidence of stings between years and/or localities by standardising jellyfish stings by the total of all injuries. Historical data were consistent enough to calculate SI between 2010 and 2012 and showed an oscillating pattern without a clear trend (2008: 2.4, 2009: 1.3, 2010: 2.4, 2011: 2.0, 2012: 2.6). Estimation of total number of jellyfish stings for all the beaches present in the area would reach 184,558 for 2012. There were very few fatalities in comparison with other coastal regions, probably due to the combination of a calm sea, a low number of high dangerous situations, and a high percentage of lifeguarded beaches during the bathing season. Nevertheless, although Spanish Mediterranean beaches could be described as low risk, we propose measures to facilitate a precautionary management to prevent injuries based on a real-time beach assistance database of injuries to identify high-incidence assistance categories.This research was carried out under contract LIFE 08 NAT ES 0064 (to CB and VF) co-financed by the European Commission (www.cubomed.eu), the Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente (Dirección General de Sostenibilidad de la Costa y el Mar) contract 2013/28-5158, the Dirección General del Agua of the Regional Government of Valencia (grant T7588000/512.10) and the Fundación Biodiversidad (grant LIFE Cubomed 2013/2014)

Carybdea marsupialis (Cubozoa) in the Mediterranean Sea: The first case of a sting causing cutaneous and systemic manifestations

A woman stung by the box jellyfish Carybdea marsupialis (Cnidaria, Cubozoa) at a Spanish Mediterranean beach, showed systemic manifestations over several months (pain far from the inoculation point, arthralgia, paresthesia, hyperesthesia, increase of eosinophils and IgE) in addition to the skin condition.This research was carried out under contract LIFE 08 NAT ES 0064 (to CB, JMG and VF) co-financed by the European Commission (www.cubomed.eu), the Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, Fundación Biodiversidad and the Dirección General del Agua of the Regional Government of Valencia

Environmental factors influencing the spatio-temporal distribution of Carybdea marsupialis (Lineo, 1978, Cubozoa) in South-Western Mediterranean coasts

Jellyfish blooms cause important ecological and socio-economic problems. Among jellyfish, cubozoans are infamous for their painful, sometimes deadly, stings and are a major public concern in tropical to subtropical areas; however, there is little information about the possible causes of their outbreaks. After a bloom of the cubomedusa Carybdea marsupialis (Carybdeidae) along the coast of Denia (SW Mediterranean, Spain) in 2008 with negative consequences for local tourism, the necessity to understand the ecological restrictions on medusae abundance was evident. Here we use different models (GAM and zero-inflated models) to understand the environmental and human related factors influencing the abundance and distribution of C. marsupialis along the coast of Denia. Selected variables differed among medusae size classes, showing different environmental restriction associated to the developmental stages of the species. Variables implicated with dispersion (e.g. wind and current) affected mostly small and medium size classes. Sea surface temperature, salinity and proxies of primary production (chl a, phosphates, nitrates) were related to the abundances of small and large size classes, highlighting the roles of springtime salinity changes and increased primary production that may promote and maintain high densities of this species. The increased primary (and secondary) production due to anthropogenic impact is implicated as the factor enabling high numbers of C. marsupialis to thrive. Recommendations for monitoring blooms of this species along the study area and applicable to Mediterranean Sea include focus effort in coastal waters where productivity have been enriched by anthropogenic activities.This study was conducted with the support of the European Commission LIFE program (LIFE08 NAT ES 64 CUBOMED) with the support of the following Spanish public institutions: Fundación Biodiversidad, Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, Generalitat Valenciana, and O.A. Parques Nacionales of Spain

‘Remembering as Forgetting’: Organizational commemoration as a politics of recognition

This paper considers the politics of how organizations remember their past through commemorative settings and artefacts. Although these may be seen as ‘merely’ a backdrop to organizational activity, they form part of the lived experience of organizational spaces that its members enact on a daily basis as part of their routes and routines. The main concern of the paper is with how commemoration is bound up in the reflection and reproduction of hierarchies of organizational recognition. Illustrated with reference to two commemorative settings, the paper explores how organizations perpetuate a narrow set of symbolic ideals attributing value to particular forms of organizational membership while appearing to devalue others. In doing so, they communicate values that undermine attempts to achieve equality and inclusion. Developing a recognition-based critique of this process, the discussion emphasizes how commemorative settings and practices work to reproduce established patterns of exclusion and marginalization. To this end, traditional forms of commemorative portraiture that tend to close off difference are contrasted with a memorial garden, in order to explore the potential for an alternative, recognition-based ethics of organizational commemoration that is more open to the Other

Colombian consensus recommendations for diagnosis, management and treatment of the infection by SARS-COV-2/ COVID-19 in health care facilities - Recommendations from expert´s group based and informed on evidence

La Asociación Colombiana de Infectología (ACIN) y el Instituto de Evaluación de Nuevas Tecnologías de la Salud (IETS) conformó un grupo de trabajo para desarrollar recomendaciones informadas y basadas en evidencia, por consenso de expertos para la atención, diagnóstico y manejo de casos de Covid 19. Estas guías son dirigidas al personal de salud y buscar dar recomendaciones en los ámbitos de la atención en salud de los casos de Covid-19, en el contexto nacional de Colombia

Socializing One Health: an innovative strategy to investigate social and behavioral risks of emerging viral threats

In an effort to strengthen global capacity to prevent, detect, and control infectious diseases in animals and people, the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats (EPT) PREDICT project funded development of regional, national, and local One Health capacities for early disease detection, rapid response, disease control, and risk reduction. From the outset, the EPT approach was inclusive of social science research methods designed to understand the contexts and behaviors of communities living and working at human-animal-environment interfaces considered high-risk for virus emergence. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches, PREDICT behavioral research aimed to identify and assess a range of socio-cultural behaviors that could be influential in zoonotic disease emergence, amplification, and transmission. This broad approach to behavioral risk characterization enabled us to identify and characterize human activities that could be linked to the transmission dynamics of new and emerging viruses. This paper provides a discussion of implementation of a social science approach within a zoonotic surveillance framework. We conducted in-depth ethnographic interviews and focus groups to better understand the individual- and community-level knowledge, attitudes, and practices that potentially put participants at risk for zoonotic disease transmission from the animals they live and work with, across 6 interface domains. When we asked highly-exposed individuals (ie. bushmeat hunters, wildlife or guano farmers) about the risk they perceived in their occupational activities, most did not perceive it to be risky, whether because it was normalized by years (or generations) of doing such an activity, or due to lack of information about potential risks. Integrating the social sciences allows investigations of the specific human activities that are hypothesized to drive disease emergence, amplification, and transmission, in order to better substantiate behavioral disease drivers, along with the social dimensions of infection and transmission dynamics. Understanding these dynamics is critical to achieving health security--the protection from threats to health-- which requires investments in both collective and individual health security. Involving behavioral sciences into zoonotic disease surveillance allowed us to push toward fuller community integration and engagement and toward dialogue and implementation of recommendations for disease prevention and improved health security

Estudios de biología y ecología de la cubomedusa Carybdea marsupialis (cubozoa)

Se describe en 12 capítulos aspectos de la ecología de la cubomedusa Carybdea marsupialis en el Mediterráneo.Proyecto financiado por la Comisión Europea LIFE+08 NAT ES0064 CUBOMED, la Fundación Biodiversidad y la Generalitat Valenciana

Organotypic microfluidic breast cancer model reveals starvation-induced spatial-temporal metabolic adaptationsResearch in context

Background: Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the earliest stage of breast cancer. During DCIS, tumor cells remain inside the mammary duct, growing under a microenvironment characterized by hypoxia, nutrient starvation, and waste product accumulation; this harsh microenvironment promotes genomic instability and eventually cell invasion. However, there is a lack of biomarkers to predict what patients will transition to a more invasive tumor or how DCIS cells manage to survive in this harsh microenvironment. Methods: In this work, we have developed a microfluidic model that recapitulates the DCIS microenvironment. In the microdevice, a DCIS model cell line was grown inside a luminal mammary duct model, embedded in a 3D hydrogel with mammary fibroblasts. Cell behavior was monitored by confocal microscopy and optical metabolic imaging. Additionally, metabolite profile was studied by NMR whereas gene expression was analyzed by RT-qPCR. Findings: DCIS cell metabolism led to hypoxia and nutrient starvation; revealing an altered metabolism focused on glycolysis and other hypoxia-associated pathways. In response to this starvation and hypoxia, DCIS cells modified the expression of multiple genes, and a gradient of different metabolic phenotypes was observed across the mammary duct model. These genetic changes observed in the model were in good agreement with patient genomic profiles; identifying multiple compounds targeting the affected pathways. In this context, the hypoxia-activated prodrug tirapazamine selectively destroyed hypoxic DCIS cells. Interpretation: The results showed the capacity of the microfluidic model to mimic the DCIS structure, identifying multiple cellular adaptations to endure the hypoxia and nutrient starvation generated within the mammary duct. These findings may suggest new potential therapeutic directions to treat DCIS. In summary, given the lack of in vitro models to study DCIS, this microfluidic device holds great potential to find new DCIS predictors and therapies and translate them to the clinic. Keywords: Breast cancer, DCIS, Microfluidics, Organotypic, 3D mode

Carybdea marsupialis

Carybdea marsupialis (Linnaeus, 1758) Figs. 1 A–D; 5A–H; 6A–F; 7A, C, E Synonyms: A comprehensive survey of the literature yielded the following junior synonyms. Urtica soluta marsupium referens: Plancus 1739: 41–42 (description in Latin), Fig. 5; (not valid as first species description under Art. 3 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, which establishes that “No name or nomenclatural act published before 1 January 1758 enters zoological nomenclature, but information, such as descriptions or illustrations, published before that date may be used”). Medusa marsupialis: Linnaeus 1758: 660 (short note/description). Modeer 1791: 32. Oceania marsupialis: Eschscholtz 1829: 101 (list of synonyms, description of species based on Plancus’ drawing). Marsupialis planci: Lesson 1843: 268 (description); Agassiz 1846: 224 (nomenclature); Agassiz 1862: 174 (synonyms, nomenclature). Charybdea marsupialis: Milne-Edwards 1833: 248 (description), plates 11, 12; Gegenbaur 1857: 215 –217 (description, discussion of structures); Agassiz 1862: 174 (nomenclature); Claus 1878: 6 –56, plates 1–5 (throughout, anatomy and microanatomy of medusa, comparison with Charybdea (Tamoya) haplonema and Tamoya (Chiropsalmus) quadrumana (quadrumanus); Haeckel 1880: 442; Haeckel 1882: 92 (historical overview), 96–98 (comparison with Carybdea murrayana); Haacke 1886: 596, 598, 600, 605 (comparison with Carybdea rastonii); Mayer 1910: 507 (description), 508 (synopsis of the species of Carybdea). Carybdea marsupialis: Kramp 1961: 305 (description, list of synonyms); Di Camillo et al. 2006: 705 –709 (cnidome); Daly et al. 2007: 151 (overview, first cubomedusa described by Linnaeus 1758); Brinkman 2008: 3 (phylogeny), 166 (research overview). Neotype (hereby designated): Natural History Museum of Barcelona (Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona): 1 adult female (MZB 2015-1701), preserved in 70% ethanol, collected by M. J. Acevedo, October 6 th 2010, Denia, Spain. BH = 25.4 mm; DBW = 31.5 mm; IRW = 14.6 mm; GW = 16.8 mm; PL = 10.5 mm; PW = 4.7 mm. Bell cuboid, wider than high, thick mesoglea, few nematocyst warts; apex domed, with a constriction at level of gastric phacellae; phacellae epaulette shaped, single rooted; heart-shaped rhopalial niche ostium, 1 upper covering scale; velarial canals 3 per octant, canals flanking frenulum unforked, middle canals biforked, canals flanking pedalia multiple branched; tentacles 4; pedalia knee bend rounded, no appendage, with irregularly distributed nematocyst bands on the outer keel; ripe female, gonads milky whitish. The original texts of Plancus (1739) and Linnaeus (1758) contain brief descriptions of C. marsupialis, and no details of any name-bearing specimen. Moreover, we could not find any evidence to the existence of any type material in the scientific literature reviewed in this publication. In order to properly define this species and stabilize the name according to the definition and rules set forth under Article 75 of the International Code for Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999), we designate specimen MZB 2015-1701 from Denia (Spain, NW Mediterranean) deposited in the Natural History Museum of Barcelona (Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona) as the neotype of C. marsupialis, since no holotype, lectotype, syntype, or prior neotype is known to exist. Other material examined: Spain: Natural History Museum of Barcelona [Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona; formerly Zoology Museum of Barcelona (MZB)]: Forty four (44) specimens preserved in 4% formaldehyde solution in seawater, from the same collection location as the neotype, separated into 6 different developmental stages, museum numbers MZB 2015-4801 (Stage A), MZB 2015-4802 (Stage B), MZB 2015-4803 (Stage C), MZB 2015-4804 (Stage D), MZB 2015-4805 (Stage E), MZB 2015-4806 (Stage F), Denia (Spain), collected during August, September, October 2010 and June 2011. United Kingdom: British Natural History Museum, London: 1 specimen preserved in formaldehyde solution (BNHM 1972.5.24.1), S. Italy, Gargano Peninsula, Bay of Campi, collector: P. R. Laming, 1972. USA: Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington: from the Mediterranean, Naples Zoological Station (Italy), no exact sampling location, 1 specimen (USNM 19346), conserved in formaldehyde solution, no sampling date; also from the Mediterranean, Pescara (Italy), 3 specimens (USNM 1155726, 1155728, 1155729), preserved in ethanol, collected by Christina Di Camillo, no sampling date, identified by Bastian Bentlage in 2009. Diagnosis: Gastric phacellae epaulette shaped, single rooted; Velarial canals 3 per octant; multiple branched; Pedalia knee bend rounded, no appendage. Apex thick, domed, with a constriction at the level of the gastric phacellae. Description: Adult medusa: (Figs. 1 A–D, 5A–H) Bell sturdy, cuboid, slightly wider than high (BH: DBW ratio less than or equal to 1:1, Fig. 5A, B), interradial furrows shallow, highly transparent with few whitish nematocyst warts sparsely scattered on bell from apex (very small warts) to bell margin (big warts along interradial furrows), amount of warts varies between specimens (i.e. some individuals present few or no warts; others have profuse warts); apex, thickened, domed, with slight horizontal constriction at level of gastric phacellae; bell height up to 40.5 mm high, bell width up to 40 mm (DBW). Pedalia (Fig. 5E), 4, simple, unbranched, flattened, scalpel-shaped, measures approx. 1/3 the bell height in length, situated in each interradial corner, with irregularly spaced white nematocyst bands on outer keel of pedalium, smaller warts scatter on outer half of pedalium; in some mature medusae margin of inner keel of pedalium sometimes undulated. Pedalium carrying a single tentacle, tentacles light brownish pink colour when contracted, when extended resemble bead-chains with white nematocyst-battery “pearls” on pale pink tentacle “string”. Pedalial canal with rectangular knee without any hook or thorn appended on outer knee bend (Fig. 5F), slightly tapering at the upper end, straight (not bending) throughout the length of the pedalium but slightly curving towards the inner pedalial keel in the middle part, ellipsoid in diameter with sharp outer keels. Rhopalia (Fig. 5G), 4, suspended within heart-shaped rhopalial niche ostium with triangular upper covering scale, without lower covering scale; some specimens present covering scale with nematocyst mammilation (1 or 2 warts), but not the neotype; approx. 1/5 of bell height up from bell margin; rhopalium with 6 eyes (2 median lens eyes + 2 lateral slit eyes + 2 lateral pit eyes). Velarium (Figs. 5H) with some small nematocyst warts, containing 3 velarial canals per octant (i.e. 6 v. c./ quadrant), slim, sharply pointed tips, deeply forked, slightly lobed with smooth margin, canals flanking frenulum are the simplest, mostly unforked, only few small lobes, middle canals, seldom more than 2 main branches, only single side branches, canals flanking pedalia bases, most complex with 3 to 4 main branches and several side branches. Manubrium (ḵ1/4 BH in length), 4 lobes, cruciform lacking nematocyst warts connected to a small, flat (biconvex lens-shaped) stomach which is connected by narrow, non-conspicuous, perradial mesenteries to the sides of the umbrella; stomach communicates perradially with 4 gastric pockets leading into velarial canals. Gastric phacellae (Fig. 5C), 4, epaulette-shaped, mounted on 4, conspicuously raised stomach corners; filaments brush-like, tightly bundled, originating from a single stem, deeply branched at some distance from the stalk, with numerous short gastric filaments; phacellae brownish-orange in colour, colour remains after preservation (Figs. 5C, D). Gonads, 4 pairs, narrow leaf-like, separated by perforated interradial septum, extending from stomach rim to pedalium, tapering at level of rhopalia and towards stomach rim; ripe gonads milky whitish in both sexes. Developmental stages: Development of young medusae to adult stage has been documented herein. We classified the individuals of C. marsupialis captured in Denia (Spain) from June to October 2010 into 6 different developmental stages, using both size and different morphological characters as indicators of the development of the animals. The 6 stages were named from A to F (Figs. 6 A–F). By monitoring the development of small cubomedusae into subsequent stages (Acevedo et al. 2013), we confirmed that they all belong to the same species C. marsupialis. Stage A (MZB 2015-4801, n=10): Although the metamorphosis from polyp to medusa has not been observed and described yet, very small medusae (<2mm DBW; supposed recently liberated from the polyp) were caught in the field (Denia, Spain) in this study. Initial stage A (Fig. 6A): whitish-colourless, tetraradial, spheroid to cuboid umbrella with large round warts irregularly dispersed over entire exumbrella; bell height up to 1.4 mm, bell width up to 2.2 mm. Tentacles, 4, without pedalia, resembling pearl-string with white, spherical nematocysts batteries. Velarial canals and rhopaliar niche ostia, not yet developed, rhopalium with 6 eyes (2 median complex lens eyes + 2 lateral slit eyes + 2 lateral pit eyes). No gastric filaments. Stage B (MZB 2015-4802, n=12): Mean bell height (BH) 1.5 (± 1.0) mm, mean bell width (DBW) 2.1 (± 0.7) mm; although an overlap in size with stage A exists, the main difference is the appearance of gastric filaments, 4, one in each stomach corner; velarial canals not yet developed; rhopalial niche with scale, pedalia, 4, begin to develop (Fig. 6B). Stage C (MZB 2015-4803, n=8): Mean BH 2.1 (± 1.7) mm, mean DBW 3.1 (± 1.6) mm; gastric phacellae, completely developed (Fig. 6C); velarial canals not yet developed; pedalia, 4, still developing. Stage D (MZB 2015-4804, n=8): Mean BH 4.3 (± 4.2) mm, mean DBW 6.4 (± 3.9) mm; velarial canals, begin to develop (Fig. 6D); pedalia development completed; gonads, appearance of gonadal tissue along the interradial septum. Stage E (MZB 2015-4805, n=2): Mean BH 15.8 (± 9.1) mm, mean DBW 19.1 (± 10.7) mm; velarial canals and pedalia completely developed; gonads, developing but not yet mature, distinction of sex not yet possible (Fig. 6E). Stage F (MZB 2015-4806, n=4): Mean BH 23.7 (± 2.1) mm, mean DBW 28.8 (± 2.7) mm; Gonads, mature, sex distinction possible (males: finger-print appearance; females: oocytes) (Fig. 6F). Remarks: The medusa stage of C. marsupialis can be found in coastal waters (~0.5–10 meters depth) along sandy beaches with a gentle slope where seagrass meadows (Posidonia oceanica) and green algae (Caulerpa prolifera) coexist on rocky and sandy bottoms in the Mediterranean Sea (Bordehore et al. 2011). It is also common to observe this species in canals or harbours. The medusae have been observed swimming near the surface both during day and night. However, they seem to be more active feeders during the night, preying on zooplankton and ichthyoplankton. They can be observed especially during the night, when attracted to a light source (Acevedo et al. 2013). The sting of C. marsupialis medusae causes a severe pain, a burning sensation, erythematous-vesicular eruption, and local oedema (Peca et al. 1997). Bordehore et al. (2015) described the first published case of systemic effects after contact with this species. When mature, medusae of both sexes aggregate for reproduction around mid-October; spermatozoa are released into the water, and eggs are fertilized inside the female medusae, as has been observed for other species of Carybdea (Studebaker 1972 for C. xaymacana; Matsumoto 1995 for C. rastonii). The animals are ovoviviparous and the fertilized eggs are shed into the water (this study). The complete development of the C. marsupialis polyp stage is not known. In this study we observed planulae settlement and polyp development up to the 2–3 tentacle stage, but after several months all polyps died before developing additional tentacles or producing asexual buds. Therefore, asexual reproduction in this species was previously undocumented. However, similarities in polyp development, asexual budding, and metamorphosis described by Studebaker (1972), Stangl et al. (2002), Fisher & Hofmann (2004), and Straehler-Pohl & Jarms (2011) for C. xaymacana (= former C. marsupialis from Puerto Rico) were expected for C. marsupialis. The metamorphosis from polyps to medusae is hypothesized to start around the 1 st – 2 nd week of May in the Western Mediterranean, as tiny medusae (1–2 mm DBW) have been caught from around mid-May to July during the 5-year (2010–2015) species monitoring program along the coast of Denia. Adult medusae reproduce in late October to early November, and the last medusae of the season were collected in November. Reported distribution of C. marsupialis: Mediterranean Sea Spain: Denia: between Racons-Molinell River (38°53′09′′N, 0°02′14′′E) and 2 km south of Denia harbour (38°50′55′′N, 0°02′14′′E) (Bordehore et al. 2011); Catalonia: canals of the harbour in Empuriabrava, Badalona, Sitges, l’Ampolla and Alfacs Bay (LIFE CUBOMED project database, www.cubomed.eu); Southern coast of Spain: Valencia, Gandía, Oliva, Jávea, Sta. Pola, St. Pedro del Pinatar, Almería, Málaga and Cádiz (LIFE CUBOMED project database, www.cubomed.eu). Italy: Tuscany, Ligury (western Italian coast) (Bordehore et al. 2011); Numana harbour (Riviera del Conero, Ancona, Adriatic Sea) (Di Camillo et al. 2006); Fano (Boero & Minelli 1986); Gulf of Venice (Mizzan 1993); Gulf of Trieste in October 1998 (Bettoso 2002). Tunisia: Hammamet beach (Gueroun et al. 2015). Malta: St. George's Bay (Bir&zdot;ebbu&gdot;a), Msida, Ta’ Xbiex and other marinas and harbours (Pulis 2015).Published as part of Acevedo, Melissa J., Straehler-Pohl, Ilka, Morandini, André C., Stampar, Sergio N., Bentlage, Bastian, Matsumoto, George I., Yanagihara, Angel, Toshino, Sho, Bordehore, César & Fuentes, Verónica L., 2019, Revision of the genus Carybdea (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeidae): clarifying the identity of its type species Carybdea marsupialis, pp. 515-548 in Zootaxa 4543 (4) on pages 520-524, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4543.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/261801