Microbial surfactant

Microbial surface active agents (biosurfactant) have recently been recognized as important microbial products with properties applicable in a number of industries and processes. Being capable of lowering surface- and interfacial- tension, biosurfactants are today thought to be efficient replacers and possible enhancer of chemically synthesized surface-active agents. Some of their superior, such as absence of toxicity, biodegrade ability, and their specificity, make these microbial products both attractive for specific industries and environmentally acceptable. Most of the emphasis to date has been on the application of biosurfactants in petroleum-related activities and industries. They offer attractive products for use in enhanced oil recovery, in cleaning oil spills, in oil emulsification, and in breaking industrially derived oil-in-oil emulsions. Their in situ and ex situ utilization in enhanced oil recovery represent attractive alternatives. More recently, other applications of biosurfactants have also been under development. These include applications in the food industry, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, this article emphasizes the effect of nutritional and environmental factors on the production of biosurfactants

Heart Fields: Spatial Polarity and Temporal Dynamics

In chick and mouse, heart fields undergo dynamic morphological spatiotemporal changes during heart tube formation. Here, the dynamic change in spatial polarity of such fields is discussed and a new perspective on the heart fields is proposed. The heart progenitor cells delaminate through the primitive streak and migrate in a semicircular trajectory craniolaterally forming the bilateral heart fields as part of the splanchnic mesoderm. They switch their polarity from anteroposterior to mediolateral. The anterior intestinal portal posterior descent inverts the newly formed heart field mediolateral polarity into lateromedial by 125° bending. The heart fields revert back to their original anteroposterior polarity and fuse at the midline forming a semi heart tube by completing their half circle movement. Several names and roles were assigned to different portions of the heart fields: posterior versus anterior, first versus second, and primary versus secondary heart field. The posterior and anterior heart fields define basically physical fields that form the inflow–outflow axis of the heart tube. The first and second heart fields are, in contrast, temporal fields of differentiating cardiomyocytes expressing myosin light chain 2a and undifferentiated and proliferating precardiac mesoderm expressing Isl1 gene, respectively. The two markers present a complementary pattern and are expressed transiently in all myocardial lineages. Thus, Isl1 is not restricted to a portion of the heart field or one of the two heart lineages as has been often assumed. Anat Rec, 297:175–182, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/102627/1/ar22831.pd

The Role of Leadership Theories in Information Technology Acceptance: Case Study at Al-Hikma Pharmaceutical Company

The leadership literature is voluminous and much of it is confusing and contradictory. In order to make our way through this ‘forest’, I will consider a number of theories to explaining what makes an effective leader in order to connect leadership and the acceptance of information technology. The key to achieving sustainable change success is to have excellence in leadership at all organization levels. So as a change leader you can make a great difference to the success of your team by your leadership. I suggest that a change leader could make a real difference to the effectiveness of his team by adopting john Adair model which is very useful model in project management context and any change happened in organization we could consider it as a project. This research aims at exploring how both individual and organizational factors that influence Information Technology acceptance by top managers, employees Staff at al-Hikma headquarter

Role of FGF signalling in neural crest cell migration during early chick embryo development

SummaryFibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling acts as one of modulators that control neural crest cell (NCC) migration, but how this is achieved is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of FGF signalling on NCC migration by blocking this process. Constructs that were capable of inducing Sprouty2 (Spry2) or dominant-negative FGFR1 (Dn-FGFR1) expression were transfected into the cells making up the neural tubes. Our results revealed that blocking FGF signalling at stage HH10 (neurulation stage) could enhance NCC migration at both the cranial and trunk levels in the developing embryos. It was established that FGF-mediated NCC migration was not due to altering the expression of N-cadherin in the neural tube. Instead, we determined that cyclin D1 was overexpressed in the cranial and trunk levels when Sprouty2 was upregulated in the dorsal neural tube. These results imply that the cell cycle was a target of FGF signalling through which it regulates NCC migration at the neurulation stage.</p

The Role of Acknowledging National Security Threats in Making Security Policies

The study had concluded the great importance of how to realize national security threats and their impact on making security policies in countries. The study had tackled various intellectual trends of national security concept and its different levels. In this context, the study recommends adopting comprehensive and integrated concept which links security to development while making security policies. As for security policies, the study reached that policy making is greatly affected by the way security threats are acknowledged and determined as well as studying proportional volumes of national capacities and setting security strategies capable of facing these threats procedurally and factually. Consequently, security policies become the link between cognition and perception, on the one hand, an procedural fact in the other.  Thus, the study recommends that national security policies to be built by the component agencies not depend on value system of decision maker. In general, developing cooperation relations with other countries greatly participate in overcoming ambiguity, doubt and uncertainty related to the security issue. Keywords: national security threats, national security policies, national security concept, national security levels and national  security elements

US Policy Toward Establishment of Independent Palestinian State

The study had concluded that the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian lands is illegal pursuant to International law stipulations and rules, and it ,in no way, may result in the termination or denial of palatine international identity though it prevent the Palestinian people from practicing their presidency over their national region. There are some legal and political bases and foundations supporting the claims and ambitions of the Palestinians to establish their independent state. As for the legal orientation of Palestine establishment and international recognition, they are available and fulfilled by the Palestinian party as for the legal and political aspects. Besides, the study had concluded that there are high degree of coherence and agreement between the US and Israeli visions towards Palestine establishment and consequently, there is a gap between US and Palestinian attitudes towards the same; despite the positive development of the US attitude as for accepting (not recognizing) the Palestinian estate establishment, provided that it results from the Israeli -Palestinian negotiations. This is typical to the Israeli perspective and makes the negotiations pending according to power balance which is totally unbalanced in favor of Israel. Key terms: US policy, Palestinian State, Madrid Peace Conference, OSLO Agreement, Road Ma

The effect of ozone on progression or regression of artificial caries-like enamel lesions in vitro

Objective: This study investigated the effect of ozone on the progression or regression of artificial caries-like lesions on enamel following pH cycling conditions in vitro. Methods: A randomized, single blind, four legs design was used. 20 full thickness enamel slabs were allocated to each of the four groups which were: Fluoride free toothpaste (control); ozone alone; Reductant/Patient Kit alone and a combination of both ozone/Reductant/Patient Kit. Artificial lesions were created and subjected to the pH cycling regime for a 14 days period. Assessments were carried out before and after the pH cycling on the slabs using the microhardness testing and Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence (QLF). Results: Statistical significant difference were found in the percentage change of enamel microhardness before and after pH cycling between ozone/Reductant/Patient Kit group and all the other three groups of the study, as well as between Reductant/Patient Kit group and control. There was a statistical significant difference in the change of size and severity of the lesion (ΔQ) between all the three regimes tested and the control with a trend favouring ozone/Reductant/Patient Kit group. Conclusions: In our model, it appeared that ozone treatment alone is not effective in protecting the enamel against demineralisation or promoting remineralisation, unless combined with the Reductant/Patient Kit, which contain high levels of fluoride

Criminalization of Sexual Acts in Jordanian Law (Comparative Study)

This article aimed to clarify the opinion of the Jordanian legislator regarding the criminalization of sexual acts in comparison to the position of the monotheistic religions and contemporary laws, in addition to knowing the Jordanian society’s view of criminalizing sexual acts. By looking at the Jordanian legal texts related to the subject, it became apparent to researchers that the Jordanian legislator adopts the principle of sexual freedom like other legislators in other countries, despite this violation of Islamic law, which is the official religion of the state according to the Jordanian constitution. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the researchers adopted the descriptive and analytical approach that reads the opinion of the Jordanian legislator, the monotheistic religions, and contemporary laws in criminalizing sexual acts. Using the results of a questionnaire designed for the purpose of knowing the views of the Jordanian society on the principle of sexual freedom. This questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of 1000 people. The article reached a number of conclusions, including that (84)% of Jordanian society do not accept sexual freedom for religious, moral and social reasons. In light of the results of the article, the authors recommended abolishing the principle of sexual freedom from Jordanian law and calling on the Jordanian legislator to reconsider texts related to the criminalization of sexual acts in line with the culture of society