Bab 2 : Teori-teori Perkembangan

Pengetahuan mengenai pertumbuhan dan perkem bangan adalah sangat penting di dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran untuk perancangan kurikulum dan mencipta teknik mengajar kepada semua pelajar di dalam pelb agai peringkat perkembangan. Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan merupakan dua proses yang sali ng berkait. Pengetahuan mengenai psikologi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan membolehkan guru memahami perkembangan konsep yang dicapai oleh kanak-kanak berbagai umur ak an membolehkan guru merancang serta memilih bahan bacaan pada peringkat kesukaran yang pali ng sesuai. Guru perlu mengetahui jenis minat yang mungkin dibentuk oleh ka nak-kanak berbagai peringkat umur untuk memberi dorongan agar penyertaan pelajar yang berkesan dapat dijayakan di dalam bilik darjah. Menurut Sharifah Alwiah Alsagof ma tlama bidang psikologi pertumbuhan dan perkembangn adalah : (a) Untuk beri pemerian yang paling tepat, ob jektif dan sempurna tentang asal-usul fungsi biologi dan psikologi dan seterusnya untuk menentukan je nis serta ciri-ciri perubahan umur di dala m fungsi-fungsi tersebut. (b) Untuk memahami makanisme, proses dan penentu penentu tingkah laku. (c) Untuk meramal tingkah laku

Integrity of employees: dimensions of human governance through the personality of leaders in the workplace

This paper is an analytical discussion on the integrity of employees from the dimension of human governance through the personality of the leaders in the workplace. Discussions are encircling the concepts of integrity, human governance and personality, impact, outlooks and challenges. In this new millennium, the world is increasingly emphasizing the development of human capital as a human resource in society, religion, race and nation. In fact, we do not deny that the development of human capital should be in line in the physical and material development of the country. Certainly we want the world to have first class facilities, but the soul of human capital and a first class mentality are most important. In the same fashion, all employees in a workplace or organization are human resources. There should be an ideal capacity of human capital in terms of human governance in order to produce quality work and have a strong value of integrity. Therefore, leaders in the workplace must have a high level of emotional and spiritual intelligence to be able to form a positive culture among employees and develop consistency of practice on an on-going basis, so that they become habits that give comfort to all parties in the working environment. The end of this paper will clearly show the need for all leaders to have good personalities that are based on the strength of their affect and mentality from the dimension of human governance to help enhance employee integrity and to enable workers to develop their human capital. Therefore, integrity among employees can achieve its optimum level and thus can help achieve the percentage of success in realizing the vision and mission of an organization

Image segmentation: The case of Taman Negara Pahang / Anizah Zainuddin … [et_al.]

The purpose of this study is to segment the tourism industry market specifically in Taman Negara Pahang, Malaysia (TNP); into consumer groups based on their images of a tourism destination. The objective is to identify segments which offer more favorable images. This is because, positive image will increases the likelihood of visitation, thus present the most significant target markets to the tourism marketers and service providers. 250 questionnaires were distributed with the purpose of assessing local and foreign travelers' image of TNP as a vacation destination. The questions asked utilized using five point Likert scale and consisted of four components involving socio-cultural amenities, natural amenities, participative recreational activities and climate. The respondents were analytically grouped into distinct segments based on their favorable and unfavorable images. Respondents with a similar and different expression on the variables were grouped together. The identified segments were then, described in terms of their image content and were profiled with demographic characteristics. This study was concluded with recommendations of appropriate policies to the relevant authorities for making development decisions in the near future

Bimbingan Spiritual di Hospital Mesra Ibadah (HMI) Di Malaysia: Kajian Kes

The worship-friendly hospital program (HMI) is one of the initiatives by the Ministry of Health (MOH) carried out amongst the public hospitals in Malaysia, especially in Selangor. This is established in 2016 for the holistic treatment purposes. This article attempts to examine the valuable points of the spiritual guidance managed to assist in improving the healing process of HMI patients. The approach was deployed through structured interviews amongst Head of Islamic Affairs Unit together with hospital volunteers. There were six pilot hospitals in the State of Selangor having implemented HMI since 2016. The finding reveals that there are three strategic approaches of spiritual guidance, namely counselling, guidance, emotional and psychological strengthening (psychotherapy) used to assist the patients’ healing process. As such, these three strategic approaches were implemented, while each of them operates with their specific way referring to both knowledge and experience. The approach of counselling and guidance was deployed regularly but for emotional and psychological reinforcement (Psychotherapy) approaches it was not possible to properly implement the skills constraints of the staff involved. This approach was based more on experiential built on hospital cases. Hospital patients not only need clinical care, but they also need spiritual guidance to help with treatment and recovery efforts. Comprehensive and holistic patient medical management is essential to ensure that patients are able to recover as usual and that the healing process is ongoing

The Characterization and Rheological Investigation of Materials for Powder Injection Moulding / Ukwueze Bonaventure Emeka...[et al.]

Stainless steel and Zirconia have become an attractive choice of powder injection moulding (PIM) materials because of their respective excellent mechanical and thermal properties. These are often combined deliberately to produce functional graded components. The characterization and rheological investigations of the materials are thus indispensable for successful implementation of subsequent stages to the PIM process. In this investigation, the powder materials were characterized. Two feedstock with solid loadings of 68% for stainless steel (17-4PH) and 50% for 3mol% yttria stabilized zirconia (3YSZ), were prepared based on optimal loading of 3% lower than the critical value. A common binder was employed comprising of 60% palm stearin and 40% polyethylene. The rheological results for the two materials exhibited pseudo-plastic and shear thinning behaviour indicated by decrease in velocity with increasing shear rate. The results also show that a temperature of 1300C is considered appropriate for injection moulding of both feedstock

Controllability analysis on delta temperature minimum to obtain operable and flexible heat exchanger network

The requirement to synthesis heat exchanger network (HEN) is to select design target, whichis temperature minimum difference (ΔTmin). The purpose of ΔTmin is to optimize betweencapital cost and energy recovery. Currently, research on 8Tmin effects on HEN is commonlyassociated with the design outcomes such as energy recovery and cost. There are severalresearch studies on the effect of 8Tmin towards HEN design. An optimal ΔTmin for heatexchanger network is set between 5oC to 50oC, (Kemp, 2011). Jensen and Skogestad (2008)explained about specified 8Tmin effect on the wrong decision in the design of HEN.Abdullahi (2012) has studied the effect on ΔTmin contribution for individual process streamin the heat exchanger system. Basically, HEN synthesis method using 8Tmin focus more ondesign prospective. Not so many studies on the 8Tmin effect to the controllability part.Based on a new trade-off plot proposed by Abu Bakar et al (2014), lower ΔTmin has betterdesign criteria (higher energy recovery), however, higher in total cost and lowercontrollability criteria (higher flexibility and lower sensitivity). On the other hand, higher8Tmin has lower design criteria, however, lower in total cost and higher in controllabilitycriteria

Integrated process design and control methodology for heat exchanger network

This paper explains about methodology framework development for integrated process design and control (IPDC) of heat exchanger network (HEN). In most of the IPDC HEN problems, the feasible solutions to the problems may lie in a relatively small portion of the search space due to the large number of variables and constraints involved. The ability to solve such problems depends on the effectiveness of the method of solution in identifying and locating the feasible solutions. Hence, one approach to solve this IPDC HEN problem is to apply a decomposition method. The method starts with defining the IPDC HEN problems and formulated as a mathematical programming. The IPDC HEN problem is decomposed into four hierarchical sequential stages: (i) target selection, (ii) HEN design analysis, (iii) controllability analysis, and (iv) optimal selection and verification. This method simultaneously combines the solution for both process design and process control problem by selecting a manipulated variable that represent both process design and process control which is minimum allowable temperature difference, ΔTmin. The decision on selection ΔTmin are guided by a new propose Trade-off plot that combine process design criteria and steady state process control criteria. A simple case study are used to demonstrate the methodology framework. The result shows that HEN with large ΔTmin is more flexible and easy to operate

Image segmentation: the case of Taman Negara Pahang / Anizah Zainuddin … [et al.]

The purpose of this study is to segment the tourism industry market specifically in Taman Negara Pahang, Malaysia (TNP); into consumer groups based on their images of a tourism destination. The objective is to identify segments which offer more favorable images. This is because, positive image will increases the likelihood of visitation, thus present the most significant target markets to the tourism marketers and service providers. 250 questionnaires were distributed with the purpose of assessing local and foreign travelers' image of TNP as a vacation destination. The questions asked utilized using five point Likert scale and consisted of four components involving socio-cultural amenities, natural amenities, participative recreational activities and climate. The respondents were analytically grouped into distinct segments based on their favorable and unfavorable images. Respondents with a similar and different expression on the variables were grouped together. The identified segments were then, described in terms of their image content and were profiled with demographic characteristics. This study was concluded with recommendations of appropriate policies to the relevant authorities for making development decisions in the near future

Structural and Optical properties of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Modified by DBD Plasma at Atmospheric Pressure

Structure, chemical, and physical properties of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) after modification by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) at atmospheric pressure is investigated using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Raman and Uv-vis-NIR spectroscopy. Effects of plasma treatment time on MWCNTs are analyzed. TEM result shows that during the short period of plasma treatment time of 5 minutes, the tube surface experienced a few damages. With increase in plasma treatment time, the tube surface is damaged to a certain extent. Intensity ratio, ID/IG through Raman analysis shows a good agreement with TEM. The values of ID/IG of the modified MWCNTs are larger than those of pristine MWCNTs. An increase of ID/IG indicates that considerable defects are produced on the surfaces of MWCNTs. The treated MWCNTs has energy band gap compared to zero band gap of untreated MWCNTs. It is believed that the defect site of MWCNTs can modify the electronics properties of MWCNTs from being metallic to semiconducting structure, which is applicable for almost all electronics device applications

Two component injection moulding of bi-material of stainless steel and yttria stabilized zirconia – green part

The two component injection molding (2C-PIM) is a promising technique for production of small, complex and high density, metal-ceramic parts in large scales. This method is a viable option for integrating incompatible functions or properties of the materials in a singular part or component. Thus, the production of near net shaped components via 2C-PIM is imperative due to cost effectiveness resulting from high unit volumes. In this study, the feasibility of joining stainless steel (17-4PH) and 3mol% yttria stabilized zirconia (3YSZ) materials in their green states was investigated. Two feedstock of SS17-4PH and 3YSZ powder materials was prepared based on optimum solid loading of 3vol% lower than value of the critical loading. The critical solid loading for the SS17-4PH and 3YSZ powder materials were 71vol% and 53vol% respectively, based on the oil absorption technique ASTM: D-281-12. The binder system utilized comprises of 60wt.% palm stearin (PS) and 40wt.% low density polyethylene (LDPE). The two materials were injected sequentially using the screw type injection molding machine (BOY 22A) to form a bi-material component. The green properties were investigated. The morphology of the individual green parts and composites depicted that the powders were optimally dispersed in the binder matrix indicating good mixture and compaction of the green components. The flexural strength of the single components of the bi-material was above 5 MPa. The strength of the bonding zone which was 1.4 MPa indicates an evidence of bonding