Sonozonation (sonication/ozonation) for the degradation of organic contaminants - A review.

Abstract Ozonation (OZ) is an important advanced oxidation process to purify water and wastewater. Because of the lower solubility and instability of ozone (O3), selective oxidation and dependence on pH value, the industrial applications of OZ have been hindered by the following disadvantages: incomplete removal of pollutants, lower mineralization efficiency and the formation of toxic by-products. Meanwhile, OZ seems to have higher processing costs than other technologies. To improve the treatment efficiency and O3 utilization, several combined processes, such as H2O2/O3, UV/O3, and Cavitation/O3, have been explored, while the combined method of ultrasonication (US) with OZ is a promising treatment technology with a complex physicochemical mechanism. In US alone, the sonolysis of water molecules can produce more powerful unselective oxidant hydroxyl radicals ( OH), and directly cause the sonochemical pyrolysis of volatile pollutants. In US/OZ, US can promote the mass transfer of O3, and also drive the chemical conversion of O3 to enhance the formation of OH. Various layouts of US/OZ devices and the interactive effects of US/OZ (synergism or antagonism) on the degradation of various organics are illustrated in this review. The main factors, including US frequency, pH value, and radical scavengers, significantly affect the mass transfer and decomposition of O3, the formation of OH and H2O2, the degradation rates of organics and the removal efficiencies of COD and TOC (mineralization). As a result, US can significantly increase the yield of OH, thereby improving the degradation efficiency and mineralization of refractory organics. However, US also enhances the decomposition of ozone, thereby reducing the concentration of O3 in water and impairing the efficiency of selective oxidation with O3 molecules

Повышение уровня готовности преподавателей к педагогическому проектированию

In the situation of pedagogical theory focus on a new personality-oriented and competence paradigm of education and upbringing, it becomes necessary to develop design activities of all subjects of educational process in a preschool educational institution. The relevance of the study is due to insufficient development of pedagogical design processes in a preschool educational institution. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to improve pedagogical design process in a preschool educational institution to increase the level of teachers' readiness for pedagogical activity.Pedagogical design in preschool educational institutions is very important due to the following socio-economic, psychological and pedagogical requirements: the development of market relations; development of design taking into account innovative processes in education; need for social protection of a person, preparing him for life in future. The authors developed a model of pedagogical design that ensures unity of administrative, pedagogical, educational activities of the subjects of educational process, thereby improving the level of management activities organization, personal and professional development of teachers and pupils. The treated results will contribute to further improvement of pedagogical design.En la situación de la teoría pedagógica centrada en un nuevo paradigma de educación y educación orientado a la personalidad y competencia, se hace necesario desarrollar actividades de diseño de todas las materias del proceso educativo en una institución educativa preescolar. La relevancia del estudio se debe al desarrollo insuficiente de los procesos de diseño pedagógico en una institución educativa preescolar. Por lo tanto, el propósito del artículo es mejorar el proceso de diseño pedagógico en una institución educativa preescolar para aumentar el nivel de preparación de los docentes para la actividad pedagógica. El diseño pedagógico en las instituciones educativas preescolares es muy importante debido a los siguientes aspectos socioeconómicos, psicológicos y pedagógicos. requisitos: el desarrollo de las relaciones de mercado; desarrollo de diseño teniendo en cuenta procesos innovadores en educación; necesidad de protección social de una persona, preparándolo para la vida en el futuro. Los autores desarrollaron un modelo de diseño pedagógico que garantiza la unidad de las actividades administrativas, pedagógicas y educativas de los sujetos del proceso educativo, mejorando así el nivel de organización de las actividades de gestión, el desarrollo personal y profesional de los docentes y alumnos. Los resultados tratados contribuirán a una mayor mejora del diseño pedagógico.В ситуации, когда педагогическая теория ориентируется на новую личностно-ориентированную и компетентностную парадигму обучения и воспитания, возникает необходимость в разработке проектных мероприятий всех субъектов образовательного процесса в дошкольном образовательном учреждении. Актуальность исследования обусловлена недостаточной разработкой процессов педагогического проектирования в дошкольном образовательном учреждении. Поэтому целью статьи является совершенствование процесса педагогического проектирования в дошкольном образовательном учреждении с целью повышения уровня готовности педагогов к педагогической деятельности. Педагогическое проектирование в дошкольных образовательных учреждениях очень важен в связи со следующими социально-экономическими, психолого-педагогическими требованиями: развитие рыночных отношений; разработка дизайна с учетом инновационных процессов в образовании; необходимость социальной защиты человека, подготовка его к жизни в будущем. Авторами разработана модель педагогического проектирования, обеспечивающая единство управленческой, педагогической, образовательной деятельности субъектов образовательного процесса, тем самым повышается уровень организации управленческой деятельности, личностного и профессионального развития учителей и учеников. Выявленные результаты будут способствовать дальнейшему совершенствованию педагогического проектирования

Banks: Old Actors of the New Economy

In the globalization conditions, influence of business both on the states internal life, and on the global system increases. The states are compelled to solve together not only the international problems, but also the tasks, which were mainly internal as long ago as yesterday. An increasing number of the public relations go beyond the national borders, and their regulation is possible only by the states interaction. In this paradigm, the banks, as the central players of the national financial system, can become agents of the new economic policy that seeks to find answers to the new global challenges. It is, above all, the banks role in stimulating the national industry, the possibility of the banks participation in the formation of the new truly competitive economy of the medium and small businesses, directed not on the maximum profit extraction, but first on the public interests satisfaction. In the article, the banks activity change in present period is considered. The banks activity transformation requires the change of the regulation measures, including the states interaction in the globalization conditions. The problems description of the modern Russian banking system in the crisis conditions is given and the possible directions of these problems solution are presented. Keywords: commercial banks, policy, the Bank of Russia, globalization JEL Classifications: E44, E58, E62, F20, F37, F4

Dissecting the Shared Genetic Architecture of Suicide Attempt, Psychiatric Disorders, and Known Risk Factors

Background Suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide, and nonfatal suicide attempts, which occur far more frequently, are a major source of disability and social and economic burden. Both have substantial genetic etiology, which is partially shared and partially distinct from that of related psychiatric disorders. Methods We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 29,782 suicide attempt (SA) cases and 519,961 controls in the International Suicide Genetics Consortium (ISGC). The GWAS of SA was conditioned on psychiatric disorders using GWAS summary statistics via multitrait-based conditional and joint analysis, to remove genetic effects on SA mediated by psychiatric disorders. We investigated the shared and divergent genetic architectures of SA, psychiatric disorders, and other known risk factors. Results Two loci reached genome-wide significance for SA: the major histocompatibility complex and an intergenic locus on chromosome 7, the latter of which remained associated with SA after conditioning on psychiatric disorders and replicated in an independent cohort from the Million Veteran Program. This locus has been implicated in risk-taking behavior, smoking, and insomnia. SA showed strong genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders, particularly major depression, and also with smoking, pain, risk-taking behavior, sleep disturbances, lower educational attainment, reproductive traits, lower socioeconomic status, and poorer general health. After conditioning on psychiatric disorders, the genetic correlations between SA and psychiatric disorders decreased, whereas those with nonpsychiatric traits remained largely unchanged. Conclusions Our results identify a risk locus that contributes more strongly to SA than other phenotypes and suggest a shared underlying biology between SA and known risk factors that is not mediated by psychiatric disorders.Peer reviewe

Influence of Conditions of Heating up on Integral Characteristics of Heattransfer in the Sensitive Element of the Thermoconjugate Sensor

Heattransfer models in a sensitive element of the thermoconjugate temperature sensor in different conditions of heating up of the thermocouple are developed. Tasks of heat conduction for cases when on outline borders of the thermocouple conditions of I, II and III kinds are set are considered. Dependences of necessary duration of heating up of the thermocouple for different values of a heat flux to outline borders of a sensitive element for thermocouples of types K, L and E, distribution of temperature in the thermocouple in different conditions of heating up are received

Research of Integral Characteristics of Process of Heattransfer in the Sensitive Element of Resistive Temperature Detector

Heattransfer models in a sensitive element of the resistive temperature detector taking into account temperature dependence of heatphysical characteristics of elements of the sensor are developed. The assessment of the relative deviation of results of numerical research of integral characteristics of process of heattransfer in a sensitive element of the sensor from the data obtained by means of the model which isn't considering influence of temperature on heatphysical properties of substances is executed. It is shown that the relative error of computation makes from 7,3% to 14,9% depending on type of the sensor and the taken temperature

An ultrasonic technology for production of antibacterial nanomaterials and their coating on textiles

A method for the production of antibacterial ZnO nanoparticles has been developed. The technique combines passing an electric current with simultaneous application of ultrasonic waves. By using high-power ultrasound a cavitation zone is created between two zinc electrodes. This leads to the possibility to create a spatial electrical discharge in water. Creation of such discharge leads to the depletion of the electrodes and the formation of ZnO nanoparticles, which demonstrate antibacterial properties. At the end of this reaction the suspension of ZnO nanoparticles is transported to a specially developed ultrasonic reactor, in which the nanoparticles are deposited on the textile. The nanoparticles are embedded into the fibres by the cavitation jets, which are formed by asymmetrically collapsing bubbles in the presence of a solid surface and are directed towards the surface of textile at very high velocities. Fabrics coated with ZnO nanoparticles by using the developed method showed good antibacterial activity against E. coli

Influence of Acoustic Oscillations on Continuous-Flow Water Disinfection

Water disinfection and potential sterilization in continuous flow was achieved in a hybrid reactor with a broadband hydrodynamic emitter combined with ultrasonic vibrations at different frequencies and with excess pressure. Such a combination showed synergistic effects by increasing the acoustic power in the reactor vortex flow. The present combined physical treatment, compared with sonication alone, could increase microorganism inactivation by 15–20%

Carbon Nanoparticles and Materials on Their Basis

Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) are novel nanostructures with luminescent properties. The development of CNPs involves the elaboration of various synthetic methods, structure characterization, and different applications. However, the problems associated with the CNP structure definition and properties homogeneity are not solved and barely described in depth. In this feature article, we demonstrate the approaches for the effective separation and purification of CNPs by size and size/charge ratio. We propose a promising way for the synthesis of the uniform-size structures by the application of calcium carbonate porous microparticles as reactors with defined size. Additionally, the application of the CNPs agglomerates for controllable release systems triggered by light and in-situ synthesis of fluorescent conductive carbonaceous films on the base of polyelectrolyte multilayers are under consideration