The Skeptical Public: Economic Conditions and Individual Trade Policy Preferences

Public opinion literature has shown that the foreign policy attitudes of the American electorate are ideologically coherent and are fairly stable over long periods of time. Research also determined that a number of social and political factors influence public opinion. However, little attention has been paid to the relationship between economic conditions and public opinion. This study uses survey data from the American National Election Study (ANES) to determine whether the economic environment influences public support for new limits on foreign imports. My analysis suggests that economic conditions are a statistically significant predictor of trade preferences in only two of my five logit models. The results lead me to infer that economic conditions have little impact on individual trade policy preferences. In contrast, I find that education and gender are important predictors of trade preferences. Future studies should consider additional ways that economic conditions might influence public attitudes on trade and other foreign policy issues

Aposporic development of gametophyte in Sematophyllum subpinnatum (Brid.) E. Britton (Sematophyllaceae) from capsule wall

In the present study, an axenic culture of Sematophyllum subpinnatum (Brid.) E. Britton was attempted from spores. However, spores failed to germinate, but protonemata were seen arising from the diploid capsule wall cells by apospory. Few cells of the capsule wall turned green, and the protoplast divided, resulting in the extension of the protoplast as a germ tube, which developed into protonemata. Protonemata were less spreading, and adult gametophytes developed from these protonemata. The aposporic plants so developed were transferred to soil, and they showed normal growth but with decreased branching. No sex organs and sporophytes were seen. This is the first report of aposporic development of S. subpinnatum from the capsule wall

झींगा एवं मछ्ली – खास्थ्य प्रबंधन के बदलते समीकरण

कृपया पूरा लेखा पढ

How effective is intra-cuff lignocaine in reducing post-operative sore throat and emergence cough: a comparative study

Background: Sore throat and cough during emergence are common side effects of general anaesthesia and its incidence is reported by 30-70% of patients after tracheal intubation. Also, not to forget the hemodynamic fluctuations associated with it, adds on to the magnitude of the problem. Thinking of a simple and cost-effective way to tackle this problem, this study was undertaken to determine the benefits of using intra-cuff lignocaine to prevent post intubation sore throat and emergence cough. The objective of this study to assess the efficacy of intra-cuff 2% lignocaine solution, in reducing emergence cough and post-operative sore throat after extubation in general surgery patients intubated for 2-4 hours.Methods: A prospective observational study where 100 ASA I and II status patients divided into 2 groups of 50 each was compared. In one group ETT cuff was filled with air, while in the other group, 2% plain lignocaine solution was used. Side effects like sore throat, coughing and blood pressure changes were assessed. Chi square and t-tests were used to compare the findings.Results: Among those patients where intra-cuff lignocaine was used, only 27.5% complained of sore throat and 12.5% had emergence cough, whereas among those patients where intra-cuff air was used, 72.5% had post-operative sore throat and 87.5% of patients had cough on emergence.Conclusions: This study proves that 2% intra-cuff lignocaine is an effective method in reducing post-operative sore throat and emergence cough and thereby beneficial in controlling the hemodynamic changes associated with emergence

Cytological studies in the cycads: sex chromosomes in Cycas

The chromosomes of Cycas pectinata are studied from root tip and pollen mitoses. The male and female plants showed the same number of chromosomes (2n = 22) with almost identical chromosome morphology. The only difference is that in the female plant two chromosomes of the somatic complement (pair III) bear satellites, while in the male the same pair is heteromorphic with only one of its members bearing a satellite. This becomes further clear when two types of haplid complements are noticed in pollen mitosis, one type possessing a satellited chromosome, and the other showing none bearing a satellite. The pair of chromosomes which is heteromorphic in the male is assumed to be associated with sex determination in Cycas, the male being the heterogametic sex with XY type of sex chromosomes

Incorporating Cooperative Learning Activities into Traditional Aerospace Engineering Curricula

Active learning is a term used to describe programs where students learn by doing. In active learning programs, students work on projects where they use their theoretical classroom knowledge in real-world, hands-on activities. The activities range from single person projects to larger, complex, team oriented programs. In many programs the students work on actual hardware and software, many times similar to those used in industry. Many of the methods and techniques in active learning, such as time management and cost control are also similar to that of industry. A benefit of these types of projects is that the students cannot look up the answer in the back of a book, but must innovate, discover, or invent solutions. This produces a better rounded graduate through a fun and exciting educational environment that encourages the student to learn through involvement. Many universities are now incorporating active learning into their curricula. This trend is due to the reduction in degree requirements and easier access to materials. Also, it is seen that the traditional classroom education, by itself, does not produce the best graduates. Industry wants not just students who understand theory, but graduates who understand how to implement the theory in the real-world. Active learning is used to bridge the gap between theory and real-world implementations. This paper examines the general trends in active learning, and details the methods and challenges encountered when one such program was incorporated into the curriculum at the Department of Aerospace Engineering at The Pennsylvania State University