The chromosomes of Cycas pectinata are studied from root tip and pollen mitoses. The male and female plants showed the same number of chromosomes (2n = 22) with almost identical chromosome morphology. The only difference is that in the female plant two chromosomes of the somatic complement (pair III) bear satellites, while in the male the same pair is heteromorphic with only one of its members bearing a satellite. This becomes further clear when two types of haplid complements are noticed in pollen mitosis, one type possessing a satellited chromosome, and the other showing none bearing a satellite. The pair of chromosomes which is heteromorphic in the male is assumed to be associated with sex determination in Cycas, the male being the heterogametic sex with XY type of sex chromosomes

Abraham, A.

Mathew, P. M.

English

Publications of the IAS Fellows

Cytological Studies in the Cycads :
Sex Chromosomes in Cycas
BY
A. ABRAHAM AND P. M. MATHEW
{Botany Department, Kerala University, Trioandrum, India)
With one Plate and eight Figures in the Text
A B S T R A C T
The chromosomes of Cycas pectinata are studied from root tip and pollen
mitoses. The male and female plants showed the same number of chromosomes
(2n = 22) with almost identical chromosome morphology. The only difference is
that in the female plant two chromosomes of the somatic complement (pair III)
bear satellites, while in the male the same pair is heteromorphic with only one t>f its
members bearing a satellite. This becomes further clear when two types of haploid
complements are noticed in pollen mitosis, one type possessing a satellited chro-
mosome, and the other showing none bearing a satellite.
The pair of chromosomes which is heteromorphic in the male is assumed to be
associated with sex determination in Cycas, the male being the heterogametic
sex with XY type of sex chromosomes.
INTRODUCTION
SINCE the discovery of sex chromosomes in dioecious organisms, a numberof plants have been cytologically investigated to determine the type
of chromosome mechanism which may be responsible for the expression
of morphological differences between the sexes. Different types of sex
chromosome complexes have been recognized, including (1) female XX, male
XY as in Melandrium album (Blackburn, 1923) and Humulus lupulus (Jacob-
son, 1957), (2) female XX, male XYxYj as in Humulus japonicus (Winge, 1923;
Jacobson, 1957), Rumex acetosa (Kiharo and Ono, 1923 a, b) and Rumex
hastatulus (Smith, 1955), (3) female XY, male XX as in Fragaria elatior
(Kihara, 1926), and (4) female XX, male XO as in Dioscorea sinuata (Meur-
man, 1925).
In dioecious Gymnosperms very little has been done on the cytology of
sex determination. This is probably due to the fact that in many of the dioe-
cious Gymnosperms the male and female individuals are identical in their
external vegetative features, and as they normally take many years to become
reproductively mature, one has to wait'for a long period to discern the sex of
a particular plant. However, in Gmkgo biloba evidence has been furnished as
to the presence of heteromorphic chromosomes associated with sex deter-
mination (Newcomer, 1954; Lee, 1954), and an XY type of sex mechanism
has been assumed in this plant (Lee, 1954). The work reported here was
undertaken to study the general morphology of the chromosomes in the male
[Annals of Botany, N.S. Vol. 26, No. 102, April, 1962.]
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262 Abraham and Mathew—Sex Chromosomes in Cycas
and female plants of Cycas, and to examine in particular whether the differ-
ences in the sexes of Cycas could be correlated with any corresponding
chromosomal difference.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Material for this study was obtained from male and female plants of Cycas
pectinata growing in the Botanical garden of the University College. Somatic
chromosome studies were made from both root-tip mitosis and pollen mitosis.
In the initial stages of this investigation root tips were taken from seedlings
of undetermined sex. Later the work was made easier by the availability of
suckers from both male and female plants. The suckers were separated from
the parent plants and transplanted in separate pots, where they yielded
sufficient root-tip material after 4 months. For pollen-mitosis studies micro-
sporophylls at the correct stage were collected from two male plants.
Both root tips and microsporophylls were fixed in Carnoy's fluid (absolute
alcohol—glacial acetic acid—chloroform in the ratio 3:1:1). A trace of iron
acetate was added to the fixative, and this was found to increase the staining
capacity of the chromosomes. Root tips were treated in 8-oxyquinoline
and simultaneously cooled at o° C. for 3-4 hours prior to fixation. In the case
of root tips, several fixation periods ranging from 2 days to 2 weeks have been
tried, and a fixation time of about 1-2 weeks was found necessary to yield
good results. Fixed materials kept under low temperature in a refrigerator
for even longer periods produced better results. Acetocarmine squash tech-
nique was followed in making cytological preparations. No cooling or pre-
treatment with 8-oxyquinolLne was done in the case of microsporophylls. The
microsporangia were hydrolysed in normal HC1 for 15-25 minutes just before
smearing, and this was found useful in softening the thick walls of the micro-
spores.
RESULTS
Twenty-two chromosomes were counted in the root-tip cells of the female
plants (PI. I, Fig. 1). They were fairly large, ranging from 7-5-15 fi in length,
and consisting of 2 pairs of long, 6 pairs of medium-sized, and 3 pairs of short
chromosomes. One of the longest pairs showed two constrictions, one median
and the other submedian. Except for one of the shortest pairs which had
median constriction, all the others possessed either submedian or subterminal
constrictions. Both the members of a medium-sized pair of chromosomes
carried satellites at the end of the short arm (see chromosome at 6 o'clock
and 2 o'clock in PI. 1, Fig. 1 and Text-fig. 1).
The male plant also had 22 chromosomes in root-tip cells (PI. 1, Fig. 2)
showing similar morphological characters to those in the female, except in the
case of the pair III (Text-fig. 6) where only one member is satellited, not
both as in the female (see chromosome at 9 o'clock in PI. 1, Fig. 2 and Text-
fig. 2).
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Abraham and Mathew—Sex Chromosomes in Cycas 263
The haploid complements, as observed in several pollen grains during pollen
mitosis, consisted of 11 chromosomes. They were a little more condensed
J?S*»
(TEXT-FIGS. 1-4. x 1,000. Explanatory diagrams of Figs. 1-4 in Plate I)
FIG. 1. Cycat pectinata female plant showing 22 chromosomes. Two chromosomes are satel-
lited (chromosome at 6 o'clock and 2 o'clock).
FIG. 2. C. pectinata male plant showing 22 chromosomes. Only one chromosome bears
satellite (chromosome at 9 o'clock).
FIG. 3. Pollen mitosis in C. pectinata. In the haploid complement there is no satellite-bearing
chromosome.
FIG. 4. Another pollen mitosis in C. pectinata. One chromosome is satellited.
than those in the root-tip cells. In each haploid set examined there were 2
long, 6 medium-sized, and 3 short chromosomes. On close examination of
several haploid complements it was seen that in about half of them there was
no satellite-bearing chromosome (PI. 1, Fig. 3 and Text-fig. 3), while in the
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264 Abraham and Mathew—Sex Chromosomes in Cycas
other half a medium-sized chromosome with submedian constriction possessed
a satellite (PI. 1, Fig. 4 and Text-fig. 4).
FEMALE
lilliiniilliiiiiiiiiiiiiliiii
" ' "
 IV
 V VI VII VIII IX X XI
5
MALE
• i i i l i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i rI
VI VII VIII IX X XI
6
iiiliiiiin iilliliiin
(TEXT-FIGS. 5-8. Diagrammatic representation of Figs. 1-4 in Plate 1 and Text-Figs. 1-4)
FIG. 5. Diploid complement of the female plant. Both the members in the pair III of
chromosomes are satellited.
FIG. 6. Diploid complement of the male plant. Pair III is heteromorphic, one of its members
bein g satellited and the other non-satelhted.
Fio. 7. A haploid set from pollen mitosis showing no satellite-bearing chromosome.
FIG. 8. Another haploid set from pollen mitosis. Chromosome III bears a satellite.
DISCUSSION
Previous cytological data show that 22 is the commonly occurring somatic
chromosome number in the genus Cycas (Darlington and Wylie, 1955) as
reported in C. circinalis, C. rumpfai, and C. revohita (Sax and Beal, 1934).
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Abraham and Mathezo—Sex Chromosomes in Cycas 265
However, Nakamura (1929) has reported 2n = 22 and 24 for C. revoluta.
The present finding of %n = 22 in C. pectinata, for which there is no previous
cytological record, also agrees with those reported in the other three species
of Cycas. Except for the one report of 2n = 24 in C. revoluta, it may be
considered that all the species of Cycas so far investigated are diploids on the
basic number 11.
A karyotype analysis of the male and female individuals of C. pectinata
reveals that recognizable chromosomal difference exists between the two
sexes. The idiogram of the female individual shows that both the members of
the pair III are satellited (Text-fig. 5), while that of the male individual clearly
shows that the same pair is heteromorphic, with only one of its members
bearing a satellite (Text-fig. 6). A more' or less similar feature has been
reported in Ginkgo biloba (Lee, 1954), where four satellited chromosomes (2
pairs) are present in the female, while in the male only three chromosomes
show satellites. In the male the heteromorphic pair with one of its members
lacking a satellite has been assumed to constitute the sex chromosomes, and
based on this an XY type of sex determination is suggested in Ginkgo biloba,
the female being homogametic.
Comparing the results obtained during pollen mitosis in several pollen
grains it has been possible to recognize two types of haploid complements,
one type possessing a satellited chromosome (chromosome III in Text-fig.
8), and the other consistently lacking the satellite in the corresponding chromo-
some (Text-fig. 7), and this appears to make it further clear that in the male
of Cycas pectinata there is a heteromorphic pair of chromosomes.
In the absence of any other observable chromosomal difference between the
two sexes, one is reasonably inclined to correlate the chromosomal difference
discussed above with the dioecism existing in Cycas. The male plant, which
possesses a heteromorphic pair of chromosomes, is considered to be hetero-
gametic with XY type of sex chromosomes, Y being non-satellited, and the
female is homogametic (XX).
LITERATURE CITED
BLACKBURN, K. B., 1923: Sex Chromosomes in Plants. Nature, 113, 687-8.
DARLINGTON, C. D., and WYLIE, A. P., 1955: Chromosome Atlas of Flowering Plants.
George Allen and Unwin Ltd., London.
JACOBSON, P., 1957: The Sex Chromosomes in Humtdui. Hereditas, 43, 357-70.
KIHARA, H., 1926: Uber die Chromosomenverhaltnisse bei Fragaria elatior. Zeits. Ind. Abst.
Vererb., 41, 41-42.
and ONO, T., 1923a: Cytological Studies on Rumex L. I. Chromosomes of Rumex
acetosa L. Bot. Mag., 37, 84-90.
19236: Cytological Studies on Rumex L. II. On the Relation of Chromosome
Number and Sexes in Rumex acetosa L. Bot. Mag., 37, 147-9.
LEE, C. L., 1954: Sex Chromosomes in Ginkgo biloba. Amer. Jour. Bot., 41, 545-9.
MEURMAN, O., 1925: The Chromosome Behaviour of some Dioecious Plants and their
Relation with Special Reference to the Sex Chromosomes. Soc. Sci. Fenn. Comm. Bilo,
a, 1-105.
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266 Abraham and Mathew—Sex Chromosomes in Cycas
•NAKAMUHA, T., 1929: Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto, Ser. B, 4, 353.
NEWCOMER, E. H., 1954: The Karyotype and Possible Sex Chromosomes of Ginkgo biloba.
Amer. Jour. Bot, 41, 542-5.
•SAX, K., and BEAL, J. M., 1934: J. Arnold Arbor., 15, 225.
SMITH, B. W., 1955: Sex Chromosomes and Natural Polyploidy in Dioecious Rutnex. Jour.
Hered., 46, 226-32.
WINOE, O., r923: On Sex Chromosomes, Sex Determination and Preponderance of Female
in Some Dioecious Plants. Compt. Rend. Trav. Lab. Carlsberg, 15, 1-26.
• Vide Darlington, C. D., and Wylie, A. P., 1955.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
(Figs. 1-4. All photographs at a magnification of X 1,000)
FIG. 1. Somatic mitosis in a root-tip cell of Cycai pectinata (female plant) showing 22 chro-
mosomes. Two of the medium-sized chromosomes possess satellites.
Flo. 2. Root-tip mitosis in C. pectinata (male plant) showing 22 chromosomes. Note there is
only one tatellite-bearing chromosome,
Fio. 3. Pollen mitosis in C. pectinata. There are 11 chromosomes in the haploid complement,
and none of them bears a satellite.
Fio. 4. Another haploid complement from pollen mitosis showing 11 chromosomes. One of
the medium-sized chromosomes bears a satellite.
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A. ABRAHAM AND P. M. MATHEVV
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Cytological studies in the cycads: sex chromosomes in Cycas

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Cytological studies in the cycads: sex chromosomes in Cycas

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