New Urbanism and the City Planning (Implications of the Application of the New Urbanism Principles on the Land Uses in Al-Karkh in Baghdad City)

Over the past 60 years, towns and cities were under a great transformation. The city has become less defined through its physical boundaries with a development 0f suburban area with a huge number 0f separate houses. The City is the essence 0f our civilization and it provides a frame for social life. Gardens, streets planner, and yard brings people together well and gives them a chance 0f social encounters, which have economic also. Friendly and beautiful cities can bring life insurance to people in urban areas. The ”New Urbanism” is the most influential planning movements since the late twentieth century. The planning ideas and successful projects 0f new urbanism lead us to better living conditions. Under the influence 0f globalization, the urban construction0f cities inevitably influenced by the impact 0f new ideas and at the same time, during the process 0f construction emerged some urban problems. Activities in the city need a particular place or space that can be done by the coordinate 0f that space. The place or the land is the most important factor in shaping the physicalenvironment and the context 0f urban activities. It has always been regarded as a base for urban construction by planners. Planning 0f land use ”as the core 0f urban planning” plays an important role in the spatial and temporal organization 0f cities. The study 0f new urbanism principles in land use planning in urban areas is based on its benefits on planning at all levels 0f the study 0f human communities 0f mass and streets inthe regions and cities. Over the past decades, the city 0f Baghdad has grown rapidly in a random and uncontrolled way and a kind 0f unsustainable urbanization has taken place

The theory of rection in Arabic

La rección se refiere a una relación entre unas palabras y otras relacionadas sintácticamente con ella. Este artículo se trata sobre la teoría de rección desde el punto de vista de tanto de diferentes filólogos árabes como de diferentes lingüistas occidentales.Rection refers to the relationship between a word and other words syntactically related to it. This article deals with the theory of rection from the point of view of both different Arab philologists as well as several Western linguists

El signo lingüístico según la teoría esquema básico de la referencia

Discusses the linguistic sign from the point of view of the theory of ‘basic scheme of reference’, which aims to develop a reference model on the meaning (the linguistic sign). This linguistic model tries to highlight the central role of perceptual abilities, imagination, understanding and symbolization, and the holistic interaction of the four components simultaneously; this approach is not common in traditional studies, and both Western and Arab notions can take advantage of these new scientific developments, especially in quantum physics. It is a starting point for a new philosophy that links all the sciences while seeking to answer questions that trouble linguists today.El artículo aborda o trata de aclarar el signo lingüístico según la teoría del “esquema básico de la referencia”, cuyo objetivo es desarrollar un modelo sobre la Referencia del Significado (el signo lingüístico). En este modelo lingüístico, se ha intentado poner de relieve el papel central de las capacidades perceptivas, la imaginación, la comprensión y la simbolización, así como la interacción holística de los cuatro componentes al mismo tiempo. Se hace hincapié en un campo de reflexión que no es habitual en los estudios tradicionales, tanto occidentales como árabes, y se plantean nociones nuevas aprovechando los avances científicos, especialmente en la física cuántica. Es un punto de partida para una filosofía nueva que relaciona todas las ciencias, y, que responde a las preguntas que perturban a los lingüistas actualmente

The limits between semantics and pragmatics according to the theory of the basic scheme of reference

El artículo trata o soluciona las nociones como la semántica y la pragmática en las lenguas según la teoría del “esquema básico de la referencia”, una teoría desarrollada del legado árabe y la teoría cognitiva, que salió en el año 1987 en Estados Unidos, por eso hemos usado la terminología de la gramática cognitiva. Esta teoría va a ser en el futuro la base de una lingüística moderna holística, muy diferente de la lingüística tradicional. Es un punto de partida para una filosofía nueva que relaciona todas las ciencias, y que responde a las preguntas que perturban a los lingüistas actualmente.Focuses on the notion of semantics and pragmatics in linguistics according to the theory of the “basic scheme of reference” developed from the Arab legacy and the cognitive theory and publicized in the USA in 1987. We use the terminology of cognitive grammar to present the main arguments and features of a theory which in the future will be the only basis for a truly holistic contemporary linguistics, very different from the traditional, founded on a new philosophy which interlinks all the sciences while tries to offer answers to the many troubles faced by linguists today

Effect of Cryogenic Trteatment on the Tensile Properties of Carbon Dual Phase Steel

The aim of this study was to evaluate tensile properties of low and medium carbon ferrite -martensite dual phase steel, and the effect cryogenic treatment at liquid nitrogen temperature (-196 ºC) on its properties. Low carbon steel (C12D) and medium carbon steels (C32D & C42D) were used in this work. For each steel grade, five groups of specimens were prepared according to the type of heat treatment. The first group was normalized, the second group was normalized and subsequently subjected to cryogenic treatment then tempered at (200 ºC) for one hour, the third group was quenched from intercritical annealing temperature of (760 ºC) to obtain dual phase (DP) steel, the fourth and fifth groups were both quenched from (760 ºC), but the forth group was subjected to cryogenic treatment and the fifth group was subjected to cryogenic then tempered at (200 ºC) for one hour. Mechanical tests were carried out which includes, tensile, hardness, as well as microscopic examination. Yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and ductility for DP were correlated to martensite volume fraction. The yield and tensile strength (σy, σu) of (DP) for the three steels, were higher than those of normalized condition, and increased after cryogenic treatment. These values, for the three steel grades, decreased after tempering at temperature 200 ºC. Tempering of (DP) steel at 200ºC for one hour, after cryogenic treatment, causes the reappearance of yielding point for steels (C12D) and (C32D) while no such a change noticed in (C42D) steel. The results have shown that hardness of (DP) increased after cryogenic treatment for the three steel grades

Effect of methyl orange on wettability of sandstone formations: Implications for enhanced oil recovery

With the increasing global population, fossil fuel resources still represent a main contributor to the energy supply, despite the progress made in the field of renewable energies. Large quantities of residual oil from mature reservoirs cannot be produced through primary and secondary recovery methods. Among alternative recovery techniques, chemically enhanced oil recovery methods are attracting considerable interest to increase the hydrocarbon recovery from oil-bearing geological formations. The wettability of any particular formation can be used to predict the oil recovery factor of a reservoir based on its wetting state. However, due to the complex nature of geological porous media, special treatments are required to control the wetting characteristics for improving the oil recovery. In this work, methyl orange (MO), a hazardous pollutant widely discharged in industrial wastewater, was used as a chemical agent for the purpose of altering the wettability. Initially, quartz substrates were aged with 10 − 2 mol/L n-decane/stearic acid solution to mimic natural geological conditions; then, stearic acid-aged quartz substrates were treated in various concentrations of MO (10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/L) for 7 days at 50 °C, followed by advancing and receding contact angle measurements at various physico-thermal geological conditions (temperature 25, 50 °C, pressure 10, 15, 20 MPa, and brine salinity 0 – 0.3 M). Our results demonstrate that increasing the temperature, pressure, and salinity of quartz aged with stearic acid has a negative effect on the wettability (resulting in a higher hydrophobicity). However, at any constant physio-thermal condition, MO significantly alters the wettability of the organic-aged quartz substrates from oil-wet to water-wet conditions, thus improving oil recovery. The concentration of MO plays a critical role, with increasing concentrations favouring the water-wet conditions. Quartz aged with MO at a concentration of 100 mg/L shows water-wet behaviour, with the lowest advancing and receding contact angles of 31 ° and 29 °, respectively, at 25 °C, 20 MPa, and 0.3 M salinity. The findings of this study provide new insights that can be useful for disposing MO in deep underground reservoirs rather than discharging into the hydrosphere, thus mitigating climate change. In addition, the present data can be helpful for improving the oil productivity from sandstone reservoirs

Drastic enhancement of CO2 adsorption capacity by negatively charged sub-bituminous coal

Climate change is a key problem of the 21st century. Climate change is mainly caused by anthropogenic CO2 emissions, and one solution to this problem is to capture and store CO2 in deep coal seams, where it is immobilized by adsorption to the coal surface. Here we propose to modify the coal with methyl orange (MO), a typical dye that is also a major pollutant of the hydrosphere and removed thereby. Thus, raw and MO-modified coals were characterized to investigate their thermal stabilities, textural properties, carbon contents, surface characteristics, and CO2 adsorption on the coal samples was measured at typical storage conditions (323 K and pressures up to 37.5 bar). CO2 adsorption dramatically increased in the MO-coal, from 1.95 mol. kg−1 (raw coal) to 18.7 mol. kg −1. This work thus aids in the development of improved methods for CO2 storage, to significantly mitigate climate change

Hydrogen adsorption on sub-bituminous coal: Implications for hydrogen geo-storage

Hydrogen is a clean fuel that can potentially revolutionize the energy supply chain and decarbonize fuel consumption. However, a key hurdle that needs to be overcome before a full-scale hydrogen economy can be established is hydrogen storage which is currently the main limitation. Here, we propose that hydrogen gas can be stored in underground coal seams, where it adsorbs on the coal surface. However, currently, no hard data related to such a procedure exists. We, therefore, demonstrate experimentally that significant amounts of hydrogen gas can be stored via this route. Hydrogen adsorption capacities reached 0.6 moles H2/kg of coal at 14.3 MPa, and adsorption capacity initially increased strongly with pressure (up to ∼4 MPa) and then plateaued out, while temperature only had a very minor influence. This study provides fundamental data for hydrogen storage in coal seams, and thus aids in the industrial implementation of a hydrogen supply chain

Enhancing Acidic Dye Adsorption by Updated Version of UiO-66

In this study, two improved versions of UiO-66 were successfully synthesised. Modified UiO-66 and UiO-66-Ce were characterised to confirm the integrity of the structure, the stability of functional groups on the surface and the thermal stability. Activated samples were used for removal harmful anionic dye (methyl orange) (MO) from wastewater. Batch adsorption process was relied to investigate the competition between those MOFs for removing MO from aqueous solution. Based on the results, at a higher initial concentration, the maximum MO uptake was achieved by UiO-66-Ce which was better than modified-UiO-66. They adsorbed 71.5 and 62.5 mg g-1 respectively. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were employed to simulate the experimental data. In addition, Pseudo first order and Pseudo second order equations were used to describe the dynamic behaviour of MO through the adsorption process. The high adsorption capacities on these adsorbents can make them promised adsorbents in industrial areas