122 research outputs found
ADHS und die Nachhaltigkeit von Etikettierungen in der schulischen Arbeit
âPlagegeisterâ (Döpfner, Frölich & Lehmkuhl 2013, 57), âStörenfriedâ (DrĂŒe 2007, 17), oder âkleiner King Kongâ (Wender & Wender 1988, 13) â in Bezug auf Kinder mit ADHS-Diagnose liegen in der Fach- und Ratgeberliteratur eine FĂŒlle an Skizzierungen vor, die ĂŒber die deskriptive Erfassung von Symptomkriterien hinausgehen. Gerade aufgrund des emotionalen Ăberschusses darin erweisen sich solche Bilder als nachhaltig â im negativen Sinne des Wortes: Lange hallen und hallten sie in den Köpfen der FachkrĂ€fte sowie der Kinder nach. Aber auch aufgrund ihres depersonalisierenden Charakters sind solche Metaphern als Etikettierungen mit besonderer Tragweite fĂŒr die schulpĂ€dagogische Arbeit einzustufen. Im Zentrum dieses Beitrags steht die exemplarische Analyse zweier Metaphernreihen aus der Fach- und Ratgeberliteratur zu ADHS. Welche Funktionen haben diese metaphorischen Etikettierungen, die den ADHS-Diskurs formieren? (DIPF/Orig.
User-Developer Communication in Large-Scale IT Projects
User participation and involvement in software development has been studied for a long time and is considered essential for a successful software system. The positive effects of involving users in software development include improving quality in light of information about precise requirements, avoiding unnecessarily expensive features through enhanced aligment between developers and users, creating a positive attitude toward the system among users, and enabling effective use of the system. However, large-scale IT (LSI) projects that use traditional development methods tend to involve the user only at the beginning of the development process (i.e., in the specification phase) and at the end (i.e., in the verification and validation phases) or not to involve users at all. However, even if developers involve users at the beginning and the end, there are important decisions that affect users in the phases in between (i.e., design and implementation), which are rarely communicated to the users. This lack of communication between the users and developers in the design and implementation phase results in users who do not feel integrated into the project, are little motivated to participate, and do not see their requirements manifested in the resulting system. Therefore, it is important to study how user-developer communication (UDC) in the design and implementation phases can be enhanced in LSI projects in order to increase system success.
The thesis follows the technical action research (TAR) approach with the four phases of problem investigation, treatment design, design validation, and implementation evaluation. In the problem investigation phase we conducted a systematic mapping study and assessed the state of UDC practice with experts. In the treatment design phase, we designed the UDCâLSI method with experts, and we validated its design with experts in the design validation phase. Finally, in the implementation evaluation phase we evaluated the implementation of the method using a case study.
This thesis first presents a meta-analysis of evidence of the effects of UPI on system success in general and explore the methods in the literature that aim to increase UPI in software development in the literature. Second, we investigate the state of UDC practice with experts, analyzing current practices and obstacles of UDC in LSI projects. Third, we propose the UDCâLSI method, which supports the enhancement of UDC in LSI projects, and present a descriptive classification containing user-relevant decisions (and, therefore, trigger points) to start UDC that can be used with our method. We also show the validity of the method through an assessment of the experts who see potential for the UDCâLSI method. Fourth, we demonstrate the results of a retrospective validation of the method in the real-life context of a large-scale IT project. The evaluation showed that the method is feasible to implement, has a positive effect on system success, and is efficient to implement from the perspective of project participants. Furthermore, project participants consider the UDC-LSI method to be usable and are likely to use in future projects
Einfluss der Gelbfieberimpfung und die Auswirkungen ihres Zeitpunktes auf die Schlafarchitektur
Vorwiegend aus Tierexperimenten weiĂ man, dass Infektionen durch
Freisetzung schlafregulatorischer Substanzen, wie z. B. TNF, einem
prosomnogenen Zytokin, NREMS inkl. SWS erhöhen. Dies trÀgt zum Zustand
des âsickness behaviorâ bei, der verschiedene Komponenten umfasst und der
InfektionsbekÀmpfung dient. Umgekehrt kann Schlaf ebenfalls die
Immunantwort verstÀrken, wodurch z. B. ein besserer Impfschutz entsteht. Als
Studienmodell wurde mit der Gelbfiebervirusvakzine eine Lebendimpfung
ausgewÀhlt, die zu einer proinflammatorischen Immunantwort v. a. des
angeborenen Immunsystems fĂŒhrt und TNF erhöht.
Um den Einfluss der Gelbfieberimpfung und die Auswirkungen ihres
Zeitpunktes auf die Schlafarchitektur zu untersuchen, wurden 29 gesunde,
HLA- konforme Probanden nach erfolgreichem Absolvieren einer Probenacht in
Placebo-, Morgen- oder Abendgruppe randomisiert. Sie erhielten am
Experimentaltag morgens und abends jeweils eine subkutane Injektion des
StamarilŸ Impfstoffs oder Kochsalz-PrÀparates. In den folgenden
ExperimentalnÀchten wurde der Schlaf im Schlaflabor mittels Polysomnogramm
inkl. EEG, EOG, EMG und EKG aufgezeichnet. Im Anschluss wurden die
Daten, welche die Schlafstadien 1-4, REMS, Wach- und Bewegungsphasen
sowie verschiedene Latenzzeiten umfassten nach Rechtschaffen und Kales
standardisiert ausgewertet.
Ănderungen der Schlafarchitektur zeigten sich im NREM-Schlaf, der die
Schlafstadien 1-4 beinhaltet, sowie zusÀtzlich isoliert im Schlafstadium 2.
Signifikant lÀnger war die NREMS-Dauer bei der abends geimpften Kohorte im
Vergleich zur Placebo- oder Morgengruppe. S2 zeigte sich hierbei
entsprechend ebenfalls verlÀngert. Dies beschrÀnkte sich auf die erste von zwei
beobachteten ExperimentalnÀchten. In der zweiten Experimentalnacht fanden
sich eine signifikant kĂŒrzere S3-Dauer in der Morgengruppe sowie eine
Tendenz zu einer gröĂeren S2-Dauer in der Morgen- und Abendgruppe jeweils
im Vergleich zur Placebogruppe. Aufgrund dieser gegenlÀufigen Schlafstadien-
Dauern von S3 und S2 zeigten sich den gesamten NREMS betreffend in der
zweiten Experimentalnacht keine signifikanten Unterschiede.
Im Vergleich der ExperimentalnĂ€chte fanden sich signifikant gröĂere S2- und
NREMS-Anteile in der ersten Experimentalnacht bei den abends Geimpften.
Der REMS-Anteil verhielt sich hierzu passend umgekehrt. Diese Ergebnisse
bestÀtigen, dass sich die Schlafarchitektur abhÀngig vom Impfzeitpunkt
verÀndert, da die NREMS-VerlÀngerung v. a. an der Abendgruppe mit einem
kĂŒrzeren Zeitabstand zwischen Impfung und Schlaf zu sehen war. Ein
entsprechend der vorausgehenden Forschungsexperimente erwarteter Anstieg
der SchlafintensitÀt mittels erhöhtem SWS durch eine angenommene spÀtere
TNF-Erhöhung erst in der zweiten Nacht fand keine BestÀtigung. Ein NREMS- sowie S2-Anstieg in der ersten Experimentalnacht in der Abend- sowie eine
kĂŒrzere S3-Dauer in der zweiten Experimentalnacht in der Morgengruppe
erzielten die unerwarteten Erkenntnisse einer zeitnahen statt verzögerten
Auswirkung der abendlichen Impfung auf den NREMS und eines durch die
morgendliche Impfung reduzierten statt erhöhten S3 als Teil des SWS.
Per Fragebögen, gemessen an unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten, wurde eine gute
SchlafqualitĂ€t der Probanden aufgezeigt. DarĂŒber hinaus zeigten sich
betreffend subjektive Auswirkungen der Gelbfieberimpfung auf Schlaf keine
mittels Fragebögen messbaren signifikanten Unterschiede bei der SchlÀfrigkeit,
Befindlichkeit, Fatigue und sowie SchlafqualitÀt.
Als Fazit unserer Studie bleibt festzuhalten, dass ein Beweis erbracht werden
konnte, dass Impfungen die Schlafarchitektur verÀndern und dass diese
VerÀnderungen abhÀngig vom Zeitintervall zwischen Impfung und Schlaf sind
"One for all and all for one?". Social climate among schoolchildren with ADD and ADHD in joint education
Das Störungsbild AD(H)S beinhaltet unterschiedliche Erscheinungsformen. In Bezug auf die drei Kernsymptome von AD(H)S sind HyperaktivitĂ€t und ImpulsivitĂ€t weitaus leichter zu erkennen und diagnostizieren als Unaufmerksamkeit. In der schulischen Praxis zeigt sich, dass externalisierende Verhaltensweisen eher ĂŒber-, und internalisierende Störungen unteridentifiziert werden. Allerdings beeinflussen internalisierende und externalisierende VerhaltensauffĂ€lligkeiten das Sozialklima in unterschiedlicher Form. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden in dieser Studie die Erscheinungsformen mit vorwiegend hyperaktiv-impulsiven (ADHS) und vorwiegend unaufmerksamen Verhaltensweisen (ADS) differenziert betrachtet. Dazu wurden N = 238 Grundschulkinder der 3. und 4. Klasse (n = 68 SchĂŒlerInnen mit Symptomen von ADHS, n = 52 SchĂŒlerInnen mit Symptomen von ADS, n = 118 Kinder in der Kontrollgruppe) sowie N = 44 KlassenlehrkrĂ€fte mittels Skalen des FEESS 3â4 bzw. des FBB-ADHS sowie selbst entworfenen Items befragt. Es zeigte sich, dass Kinder mit ADHS und ADS das Sozialklima als signifikant schlechter empfanden. Kinder mit ADS wiesen signifikant stĂ€rkere Ă€ngstliche, schĂŒchterne und sozial rĂŒckzĂŒgliche Verhaltensweisen auf, wĂ€hrend Kinder mit ADHS signifikant aggressiver, distanzloser und dominanter wahrgenommen wurden. AuĂerdem konnte nur teilweise ein schwacher, signifikanter, negativer Zusammenhang zwischen dem Sozialklima und internalisierenden Verhaltensweisen gefunden werden, wĂ€hrend sich der negative Zusammenhang zwischen dem Sozialklima und externalisierenden Verhaltensweisen durchweg signifikant zeigte. Die Befunde sprechen insgesamt fĂŒr eine negativere AusprĂ€gung des Sozialklimas bei Schulkindern mit ADHS und ADS sowie deutliche Unterschiede in der AusprĂ€gung der Störungsbilder, welche fĂŒr Gruppenprozesse im pĂ€dagogischen Kontext zukĂŒnftig mitbedacht werden sollten. (DIPF/Orig.)The disorder AD(H)D includes different manifestations. With regard to the three core symptoms of AD(H)D, hyperactivity and impulsivity are far easier to identify and diagnose than inattention (BruchmĂŒller, Margraf, & Schneider, 2012; Corbisiero, Hartmann-Schorro, Riecher-Rössler, & Stieglitz, 2017). In school practice, externalizing behaviors tend to be overidentified, and internalizing disorders tend to be underidentified (Bilz, 2014). However, internalizing and externalizing behavior disorders affect social climate in different ways (Blumenthal & Blumenthal, 2021; OâConnor, Dearing, & Collins, 2011). With this in mind, this study differentiated manifestations with predominantly hyperactive-impulsive (ADHD) and predominantly inattentive behaviors (ADD). To this end, N = 238 3rd and 4th grade elementary school children (n = 68 students with symptoms of ADHD, n = 52 students with symptoms of ADD, n = 118 children in the control group) and N = 44 classroom teachers were surveyed using scales from the FEESS 3â4 or the FBB-ADHS as well as self-designed items. It was found that children with ADHD and ADD perceived the social climate as significantly worse. Children with ADHD exhibited significantly stronger anxious, shy, and socially withdrawn behaviors, while children with ADHD were perceived as significantly more aggressive, aloof, and dominant. In addition, a weak, significant, negative relationship between social climate and internalizing behaviors was found only in part, whereas the negative relationship between social climate and externalizing behaviors was consistently significant. Overall, the findings suggest a more negative social climate of schoolchildren with ADHD and ADD, as well as clear differences in the expression of the disorders, which should be taken into account for group processes in the pedagogical context in the future. (DIPF/Orig.
Corrigendum to âTransient small molecule interactions kinetically modulate amyloid ÎČ peptide self-assemblyâ [FEBS Lett. 586 (2012) 3991â3995]
Isotopeâlabeled amyloidâÎČ does not transmit to the brain in a prionâlike manner after peripheral administration
Findings of early cerebral amyloid-ÎČ deposition in mice after peripheral injection of amyloid-ÎČ-containing brain extracts, and in humans following cadaveric human growth hormone treatment raised concerns that amyloid-ÎČ aggregates and possibly Alzheimerâs disease may be transmissible between individuals. Yet, proof that AÎČ actually reaches the brain from the peripheral injection site is lacking. Here, we use a proteomic approach combining stable isotope labeling of mammals and targeted mass spectrometry. Specifically, we generate 13C-isotope-labeled brain extracts from mice expressing human amyloid-ÎČ and track 13C-lysine-labeled amyloid-ÎČ after intraperitoneal administration into young amyloid precursor protein-transgenic mice. We detect injected amyloid-ÎČ in the liver and lymphoid tissues for up to 100âdays. In contrast, injected 13C-lysine-labeled amyloid-ÎČ is not detectable in the brain whereas the mice incorporate 13C-lysine from the donor brain extracts into endogenous amyloid-ÎČ. Using a highly sensitive and specific proteomic approach, we demonstrate that amyloid-ÎČ does not reach the brain from the periphery. Our study argues against potential transmissibility of Alzheimerâs disease while opening new avenues to uncover mechanisms of pathophysiological protein deposition.Peer reviewe
UX design in agile: a DSDM case study
Integrating User Experience (UX) design with agile development continues to be the subject of academic studies and practitioner discussions. Most of the existing literature focuses on SCRUM and XP, but in this paper we investigate a technical company who use DSDM. Unlike other agile methods, DSDM provides a configurable framework and a set of roles that covers the whole software development process. While elements of the UX design integration experience were similar to those reported with other agile methods, working practices to mitigate the challenges were identified using DSDMâs standard elements. Specifically, communication challenges were mitigated by extending two of DSDMâs standard roles. In addition, a change of focus between a design-led phase and a development-led phase of the project changed the communication challenges. Agile teams need to be aware that this change of focus can happen and the implications that it has for their work
User Involvement and Usability Evaluation in Ethiopian Software Organizations
Usability is central especially in contexts with highly heterogeneous user groups as it is the case in developing countries. User involvement and participation has positive impacts towards developing usable software and system success and it is one of the core principles in user centered design (UCD). But how does the industry in developing countries work with UCD and usability evaluation? The article reports from a survey on usability evaluation and UCD practices in Ethiopian software organizations. It aims at exploring the practice of usability evaluation, user involvement and participation in the software organizations in Ethiopia. Some part of the survey question is adapted from a previously conducted survey in Italy and Denmark and further expanded with a set of questions referring to user involvement and participation. The survey was triangulated with interviews with a subset of the respondents. The results show that the percentage of organizations performing some form of usability evaluation is low in Ethiopia. The challenges of usability evaluation observed in the study was analyzed with respect to the challenges of 'digital divide' against the publicly available methods and practices and among developed and developing nations using real access/ real impact criteria. The result shows that there are some unique challenges of usability not discussed in the literature reviewed in any detail such as less IT skills, lack of trained professionals, and lack of awareness. The result for user involvement shows also some unique challenges: lack of user motivation, acceptance of change and cultural influence. However, more than 80% of the surveyed organizations claim involving users in some kind in product development. The implications of these findings with respect to the need to contextualize UCD and usability methods are discussed
High yield production of amyloid-Ă peptide enabled by a customized spider silk domain
During storage in the silk gland, the N-terminal domain (NT) of spider silk proteins (spidroins) keeps the aggregation-prone repetitive region in solution at extreme concentrations. We observe that NTs from different spidroins have co-evolved with their respective repeat region, and now use an NT that is distantly related to previously used NTs, for efcient recombinant production of the amyloid-ÎČ peptide (AÎČ) implicated in Alzheimerâs disease. A designed variant of NT from Nephila clavipes fagelliform spidroin, which in nature allows production and storage of ÎČ-hairpin repeat segments, gives exceptionally high yields of diferent human AÎČ variants as a solubility tag. This tool enables efficient production of target peptides also in minimal medium and gives up to 10 times more isotope-labeled monomeric AÎČ peptides per liter bacterial culture than previously reported
Spidroin N-terminal domain forms amyloid-like fibril based hydrogels and provides a protein immobilization platform
Recombinant spider silks are of interest but the multimodal and aggregation-prone nature of them is a limitation. Here, the authors report on a miniature spidroin based on the N-terminal domain which forms a hydrogel at 37 degrees C which allows for ease of production and fusion protein modification to generate functional biomaterials.Recombinant spider silk proteins (spidroins) have multiple potential applications in development of novel biomaterials, but their multimodal and aggregation-prone nature have complicated production and straightforward applications. Here, we report that recombinant miniature spidroins, and importantly also the N-terminal domain (NT) on its own, rapidly form self-supporting and transparent hydrogels at 37 degrees C. The gelation is caused by NT alpha-helix to beta-sheet conversion and formation of amyloid-like fibrils, and fusion proteins composed of NT and green fluorescent protein or purine nucleoside phosphorylase form hydrogels with intact functions of the fusion moieties. Our findings demonstrate that recombinant NT and fusion proteins give high expression yields and bestow attractive properties to hydrogels, e.g., transparency, cross-linker free gelation and straightforward immobilization of active proteins at high density
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