INTERCALATION OF OLYGOIVtEROF HYDROXYL-CHROMIUM INTO NATURAL KAOLINITE /nterka/asi Oligomer Hidroksil-kromium pada Kaolin A/am Tatakan

ABSTRACT Preparation of a kaolin-hydroxyl chromium composite and characterization of its physico-chemical properties were conducted. The olygomer hydroxyl-chromium was prepared by adding Na2C03 to 0.1 M chromium nitrate solution (ratio OHICr = 2) and then dried at 110°C and 400 °c for 4 h. Characterization of kaolin-hydroxyl chromium composite includes determination of acidity, functional groups, basal spacing, and surface area (BET-N2 sorption analyzer). The result showed that intercalation of hydroxyl chromium resulted in the decreasing of basal spacing but increased the specific surface area of kaolin. Drying of the intercalated kaolin at 400°C decreased surface area, total volume pore and pore radius. FT-IR spectra showed that hydroxyl-chromium detected at wavelength of 2925 and 2855 cm-1. . Keywords: natural kaolin, intercalation, olygomer hydroxyl-chromium, kaolin-hydroxyl chromium composit

RCD1 nuclear body dynamics and IDR2 phosphorylation in Arabidopsis thaliana

Abstract Nuclear bodies (NB) have been studied for their importance of being one of the sites for gene regulation activities. RADICAL INDUCED CELL DEATH1 (RCD1) has proven to be a potential nuclear protein in A.thaliana that localizes to NB. It can interact with different transcription regulators responsible for many physiological functions. One of which is light signaling. Hence, it shares mutual functions with some phytochrome photoreceptors (PHYs), e.g., PHYB. It also contains intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that stabilize RCD1 protein upon phosphorylation. This study aims to examine the colocalization events of RCD1 that coexpressed with PHYB in full-length RCD1 complementation line and domain deletion lines, given the fact that both RCD1 and PHYB have previously shown mutual interaction with some of PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORS (PIFs). To achieve this aim, the colocalization of Venus-tagged RCD1 and Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged PHYB using confocal Microscopy was performed. Another objective is to study the phosphorylation effect of one of the IDRs between WWE and PARP-like domain -IDR2- on RCD1 NB localization. Two phosphomutants -non-phosphorylatable and phosphomimetic- constructs were transiently and stably expressed in the rcd1-4 background. Furthermore, they were screened using Confocal Microscopy. We were able to see the colocalization events in 2 domain deletion lines, RCD1-∆WWE-3xVenus and RCD1 ∆PARP 3xVenus. On the other hand, we could not see any colocalization in the RCD1 ∆RST 3xVenus, which indicates the importance of the RST domain in the colocalization. In addition, phosphorylation was found to affect the abundance of RCD1 protein in both transiently and stably expressed lines. Our study showed non-phosphorylatable forms of IDR2 having a higher abundance of RCD1 NB than the control line RCD1-3xVenus, whereas phosphomimetic IDR2 showed no signal. Collectively, Our experiments showed the effect of phosphorylation on RCD1 NB localization and the importance of the RST domain in the colocalization of RCD1 with PHYB

Virtualization in Information Technology Science and Its Integration to Develop Future Architectural Design Tools (Comparative descriptive research case study of BMW showroom building)

The increasing availability and utilization of information are the defining characteristics of the information age. While the industrial revolution focused on material production, the information revolution focuses on the production of ideas. Countries with more information are the most dominant in the world, and over the past thirty years, we have witnessed the tremendous development of the information and communication sector, leading to various changes in the modern world, including the replacement of some jobs with new technologies. This has had a profound impact on society, concepts, and beliefs, and the field of architectural engineering has been significantly affected by the advancements in information technology, resulting in changes in the way architects think, analyze, and design buildings. The digital revolution has also had a significant impact on various disciplines, giving rise to new ideas and trends in each of them. One of the most important outcomes of this revolution is virtual representation, which allows multiple applications to run on a single device. This has led to several ways of understanding and interpreting the concept in different fields. (1) The architectural product is directly influenced by digital technology in all areas, as architectural design increasingly moves into the realm of virtual reality, which is expected to become more logical and realistic. (2) Simulating virtual reality is one of the evident effects of the technological revolution on architectural design and can be referred to as "digitalizing architectural design. (3) This study presents a model for integrating the new elements resulting from the technological revolution into visions and approaches for dealing with future architecture, through the reciprocal relationship between architecture and technology

The Impact of Administrative Buildings on the Psychology of Users and Its Relationship to Increasing Productivity for Occupants

This study aimed to investigate the overall impact of administrative building design on the psychology of users and its effect on the work environment and employee productivity. It also aimed to establish design criteria for creating a work environment that aligns with the physiological and psychological needs of employees. The deductive approach was adopted in this study, and a questionnaire was used to gather the necessary data. One of the key findings was the relationship between the built environment of the workplace and the psychology of users on employee productivity. As a result, several recommendations were made, including urging engineers to pay attention to implementing the necessary design standards that consider the physiological and psychological needs of employees, making them fundamental design principles for creating a high-quality work environment that not only enhances employee productivity but also has a positive impact on their physical and mental health, as well as their relationships with the surroundings, which, in turn, has a consequential effect on society as a whole

Synthesis of some new fluorine substituted thiobarbituric acid derivatives as anti HIV1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) for cell tumor division: Part I

New potential enzyme inhibitors, fluorine-substituted thiobarbituric acid derivatives (2, 3, 9, 8 and 12) and their fused/isolated heterocyclic nitrogen systems (5, 6, 10 and 14) have been obtained from heterocyclization of fluorinated N, Nʹ-disubstituted thiourea (1, 7 and 11) with malonic acid followed by ring closure reactions with primary nitrogen reagents. Structures of the synthesized products have been deduced from their elemental analysis and spectral data. Anti-HIV-1 and inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase2 (CDK2) for cell tumor division for the synthesized compounds were also evaluated

Monitoring the performance of petrochemical organizations in Saudi Arabia using data envelopment analysis

The petrochemical industry plays a crucial role in the economy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the effectiveness and efficiency of this industry is of high importance. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is found to be more acceptable in measuring the effectiveness of various industries when used in conjunction with non-parametric methods such as multiple regression, analytical hierarchy process (AHP), multidimensional scaling (MDS), and other multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) approaches. In this study, ten petrochemical companies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are evaluated using Banker, Charnes and Cooper (BCC)/Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes (CCR) models of DEA to compute the technical and super-efficiencies for ranking according to their relative performances. Data were collected from the Saudi Stock Exchange on key financial performance measures, five of which were chosen as inputs and five as outputs. Five DEA models were developed using different input–output combinations. The efficiency plots obtained from DEA were compared with the Euclidean distance scatter plot obtained from MDS. The dimensionality of MDS plots was derived from the DEA output. It was found that the two-dimensional positioning of the companies was congruent in both plots, thus validating the DEA results

Pyran-Squaraine as Photosensitizers for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: DFT/TDDFT Study of the Electronic Structures and Absorption Properties

In an effort to provide, assess, and evaluate a theoretical approach which enables designing efficient donor-acceptor dye systems, the electronic structure and optical properties of pyran-squaraine as donor-acceptor dyes used in dye-sensitized solar cells were investigated. Ground state properties have been computed at the B3LYP/6-31+G** level of theory. The long-range corrected density functionals CAM-B3LYP, PBEPBE, PBE1PBE (PBE0), and TPSSH with 6-311++G** were employed to examine absorption properties of the studied dyes. In an extensive comparison between experimental results and ab initio benchmark calculations, the TPSSH functional with 6-311++G** basis set was found to be the most appropriate in describing the electronic properties for the studied pyran and squaraine dyes. Natural transition orbitals (NTO), frontier molecular orbitals (FMO), LUMO, HOMO, and energy gaps, of these dyes, have been analyzed to show their effect on the process of electron injection and dye regeneration. Interaction between HOMO and LUMO of pyran and squaraine dyes was investigated to understand the recombination process and charge-transfer process involving these dyes. Additionally, we performed natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis to investigate the role of charge delocalization and hyperconjugative interactions in the stability of the molecule

Development of novel tunable dual-band negative index metamaterial using open stub-loaded stepped-impedance resonator

This study reports on tunable planar metamaterial design that is capable to achieve dual-band negative index of refraction responses operating in microwave regime. Its distinctive characteristic is the usage of tuning open stub-loaded stepped-impedance resonators. Parameters retrieval algorithm, and full-wave simulation of prism-shaped structure were carried out to validate the negative refraction characteristics of metamaterial structure. The results predict its prospect as a very promising alternative to the conventional ones, which is compatibly applicable on various potential microwave devices especially when dual-band function is required. In addition to that, its design flexibility offers a various frequency bands at any possible choice, which is alterable together with any design parameters changes

Tunable dual-band metamaterial using open stub-loaded stepped-impedance resonator

In this paper, we report a tunable planar metamaterial that is designed to achieve dual-band negative refractive index response in microwave regime. Its distinctive characteristic is the usage of tuning open stub-loaded stepped-impedance resonators. The frequency tunability of the second band is achievable via the adjustable open stub-loaded at the fixed tune of the first band. Parameter retrieval algorithm and full-wave simulation of prism-shaped structure were carried out to validate the negative refraction characteristics of metamaterial structure. The results predict its prospect as a very promising alternative to the conventional ones, which is compatibly applicable on various potential microwave devices especially when a dual-band function is required. In addition to that, its design flexibility offers various frequency bands at any possible choice, which alterable with the design parameters

Miniaturized ultra-wideband antenna using microstrip negative index metamaterial

A three left-handed metamaterial unit cell antenna is presented in this article for ultra-wideband applications. Each left-handed metamaterial unit cell is a combination of a modified octagonal split-ring resonator, an octagonal spiral resonator, a capacitance-loaded strip, and a wire in order to achieve a design that simultaneously exhibits both negative electrical permittivity and negative magnetic permeability, which promises an extraordinary index of negative refraction to enhance the radiated power of the antenna, consequently improving the antenna system. The antenna design was etched on an FR4 epoxy substrate (Farnell Electronic Components Limited, Selangor D.E., Malaysia) with an evident compact size of 25×25 1.6 mm3. Return loss measurements demonstrated that this antenna achieves 94% bandwidth for a voltage standing wave ratio less than 2 over the frequency band of 5.2-13.9 GHz, with a maximum gain and directivity of 3.85 dBi and 5.45 dB, respectively, at 10.5 GHz. These measurement results show good agreement with those of the simulations as well as good omni-directional characteristics within its operating frequency band. The proposed metamaterial antenna is compact and highly directive and has a tunable operational frequency especially for ultra-wideband applications