RELIGION, SCIENCE AND CULTURE An Integrated, Interconnected Paradigm of Science

Discussing the paradigm of dialogue and integration in the Islamic science of religion is important since the practice of religious education still applies the paradigm of conflict and independence. These paradigms have a great influence on the formation of socio-religious and cultural ways of thinking. The relationship between Islamic religiousc and natural, social, as well as cultural sciences, needs patterns of integrated, interconnected relations and dialogues. Islamic Studies requires a multidisciplinary approach, that is, interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity. Scientific linearity, in which science is narrowly defined and mono-disciplinary, will lead to an understanding of religion and religious interpretations that has no contact with and relevance to the context in which it is studied. New types of religious thought that encourage independent discussion and dialogue on the subjective, objective and intersubjective aspects of science and religion will create the emergence of a new type of religiosity in the multicultural era. All of this requires more effort to undertake a serious reconstruction of scientific methodologies and the methodologies of scientific studies of religion [ABSTRAK] [Penerapan paradigma dialog dan integrasi dalam ilmu-ilmu keislaman masih penting untuk didiskusikan mengingat praktik pendidikan agama masih menerapkan paradigm konflik dan independen. Paradigma-paradigma ini memiliki pengaruh yang besar dalam pembentukan cara pandang keagamaan baik sosial maupun kultural. Hubungan antara ilmu-ilmu keislaman di satu sisi dengan ilmu-ilmu alam, sosial, dan budaya di sisi lain, memerlukan pola hubungan dan dialog yang terintegrasi-interkoneksi. Studi Islam mensyaratkan pendekatan multi disiplin, baik interdisipliner maupun transdisipliner. Linearitas keilmuan yang membatasi bidang ilmu secara sempit dan monodisiplin akan menggiring pemahaman agama dan tafsir keagamaan yang tidak terkait dan tidak relevan dengan konteks pengkajian. Model baru pemikiran keagamaan yang mendorong dialog dan diskusi yang independen mengenai aspek-aspek subjektif, objektif, dan intersubjektif ilmu dan agama akan menciptakan munculnya model baru keberagamaan di era multicultural. Semua ini memerlukan lebih banyak upaya serius dalam merekonstruksi metodologi keilmuan dan metode-metode studi agama.] Keywords: paradigm of science, religious science, multidisciplinary approach, science integration

Dimensi Epistemologis-Metodologis Pendidikan Islam.

Kata kunci: Dimensi Epistemologis - Metodologis - Pendidikan Islam

Ibadah Haji: Ziarah ke Tanah Suci Makkah dalam Perspektif Insider dan Outsider

Dalam agama Islam ada lima pilar rukun atau pilar utama, salah satunya adalah ibadah haji di Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Ibadah ritual haji (pilgrimage) telah dilakukan sebelum kerasulan Muhammad, kemudian diteruskan oleh nabi Muhammad saw yang selama hidupnya hanya sekali menjalankan ibadah haji, yaitu pada tahun ke-10 Hijriyyah/632 M. Dari saat itu hingga sekarang, ibadah haji terus dilakukan umat Islam tanpa putus. Pada tahun 2021, di era pandemi Covid-19, pemerintah Saudi Arabia hanya membolehkan 30.000 jamaah haji, sebelumnya tahun 2020 hanya 6.000, umumnya dari dalam negeri atau orang asing yang telah tinggal di Saudi Arabia. Setiap tahun  tidak kurang dari 2 juta jamaah haji dari dari seluruh penjuru dunia hadir secara fisik di Makkah untuk menjalankan ibadah haji. Karena pembatasan kuota haji yang dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah Saudi Arabia, Indonesia hanya dapat memberangkatkan setiap tahun kurang lebih 200.000 jamaah haji. Muslim Indonesia yang ingin beribadah haji harus rela antri menunggu giliran berangkat ke Saudi Arabia sampai 30 tahun ke depan. Tidak berlebihan jika dikatakan bahwa ibadah haji adalah ritual keagamaan yang paling fenomenal di dunia modern saat sekarang ini. Penganut agama-agama lain juga memiliki sistem ibadah ‘pilgrimage’ seperti itu namun jumlah umat yang berkumpul di satu tempat dan di satu waktu tidak sebanyak ibadah haji. Tulisan ini akan mendeskripsikan bagaimana ibadah haji dilakukan, makna dan tujuan ibadah haji, diawali dari pengalaman pribadi (insider) dan diakhiri dengan tinjauan outsider, antropologi budaya dan agama yang secara imaginatif mengantarkan pemahaman keagamaan yang toleran dan inklusif dalam hubungan sosial antar umat beragama

Islamic Religious Education Based on Religious Intersubjectivity: Philosophical Perspectives and Phenomenology of Religion

Purpose – This article discusses the idea of Islamic Religious Education based on religious intersubjectivity. Design/methods/approach – This paper presents the idea of Islamic Religious Education based on religious intersubjectivity with a philosophical perspective or approach and religious phenomenology. The philosophical approach is to delineate and discuss three varieties of new paradigm for religion, namely subjective, objective, and intersubjective belief. Meanwhile, the religious phenomenology approach is used to develop an "intersubjective" religious area. Intersubjective diversity is an area of human religiosity that marries and engages in intense and sincere deep dialogue between the links of subjective and objective self-awareness of human which are in opposition to each other. Findings – The formulation of this IRE model – based on the intersubjectivity of religion – must consider the following points: 1) Intelligent sorting of common patterns and unique patterns in history of religions and religious thoughts; (2) Epoche, which refers to the ability of a person or group to sincerely and purely set-aside the statements that are undermining, devaluing, demeaning, infidelizing, apostatizing, or hurtful to other groups in any form; (3) Eidetic vision, which is the search for the basic construction, core, substance or the deepest essence of human religiosity; (4) the historicity of religion; (5) Verstehen, which constitutes an effort to understand the essence of other religions earnestly and genuinely; (6) Compassion and harmony; (7) Inclusive-partnership and dialogical approach; and (8) Enlightening new religious thoughts, mentalities, and attitudes (al-aql al-Jadid al-istitla'). Originality/value – Seeing the important meaning of religious intersubjectivity, this religious model is very appropriate if applied in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning

MERAJUT PARADIGMA FILSAFAT ISLAM KEINDONESIAAN: Fresh Ijtihad Memperjumpakan Ulum al-din dan Sains Modern dalam Keilmuan Keagamaan Islam untuk Pembangunan Bangsa

Trend keilmuan agama Islam (Ulum al-din) masa depan, lebih-lebih Ilmu Kalam/Filsafat Islam adalah keilmuan agama yang terintegrasi-terinterkoneksi dengan disiplin keilmuan yang lain. Keilmuan agama (Islam) berinteraksi dan berdialog dengan sains modern, keilmuan sosial, humaniora termasuk studi agama (religious studies). Jika keilmuan Kalam dan Filsafat Islam dan cabang keilmuan agama (Islam) yang lain merasa cukup dengan dirinya sendiri (al-muhafadzah ‘ala al-qadim al-salih), tanpa mau bersentuhan dan berhubungan dengan keilmuan lain (wa al-akhdz bi al-jadid al-aslah), maka ia tidak punya masa depan yang dapat diharapkan, bahkan diragukan kontribusinya dalam pembangunan karakter bangsa. Trend keilmuan agama (Islam) masa depan adalah takamul al-ulum wa izdiwaj al-ma’arif (Saling melengkapi antar pandangan berbagai disiplin ilmu dan pergumulan teoritis dan metodologis secara instrinsik antar berbagai cabang pengetahuan dan keilmuan). Kebijakan linearitas dalam ilmu keagamaan tidak bisa dipertahankan, tanpa mengandung resiko yang harus dihadapi. Tulisan ini menjelaskan tema-tema apa saja yang diperlukan untuk membentuk world view keagamaan (Islam) yang baru yang dapat berkontribusi dalam pembangunan karakter bangsa. Keilmuan agama Islam memerlukan fresh ijtihad untuk menghadapi kehidupan kontemporer, tidak cukup hanya dengan cara mengulang-ulang pengalaman masa lalu tanpa menengok bagaimana perkembangannya di masa kini dan masa depan. Masa lalu (al-turats) tetap diperlukan, namun diperlukan juga pergeseran paradigma ke arah masa kini (al-hadatsah) dalam melihat dan memecahkan persoalan keagamaan kontemporer, khususnya yang terkait dengan isu pembangunan karakter bangsa dalam format negara bangsa (nation-states)

MENENGOK KEMBALI PERAN AGAMA DI RUANG PUBLIK

In recent years, especially over the past decade, there has been increasing intolerance of certain religions and ethnic minorities in various parts of Indonesia, whether in the form of physical assault by a particular group or omission by the authorities. Such situation is increasing when entering the campaign period before the elections simultaneously and Presidential Election. In this condition the role of FKUB as one of the tolerant agents in the national political arena becomes important. Some things to be considered include the basic question of the State (four pillars), religious views, religious literacy and education in public spaces and media.Keywords: toleransi, pandangan keagamaan, media, ruang publi

Islam di Indonesia atau Islam Indonesia (Studi Pergulatan Definisi dan Jatidiri )

This article seeks to discuss the problem of cultural acculturation, assimilation and adaptation in human life, particularly in its socio-cultural aspect of definition and identity. One of the issues denoted hybrid culture and its relation to the perspective of multiculturalism related to Islam and Indonesia. Queries include how to differentiate either the concept of Islam in Indonesia or Indonesian Islam, the construction of Indonesian Islam and lesson learned from the concept of Indonesian Islam. The study shows that the social and cultural modality served as the ultimate strength of Indonesian Islam. This includes religion and its connection with socio-cultural adaptation. The socio-cultural process bears some significant cultural aspects of literature, local songs, i.e., tembang, and architecture, i.e. joglo. Those cultural instances signified the adaptation agencies among Muslims in Indonesian context. In general, the notion between religion and its adaptation also occurred for some Muslims in the global context and experience.Key words: Identity, Indonesia, Islam, Cultural, Adaptatio

Epistemologi Keilmuan Kalam dan Fikih dalam Merespon Perubahan di Era Negara-Bangsa dan Globalisasi (Pemikiran Filsafat Keilmuan Agama Islam Jasser Auda)

Clumps of Islamic scholarship include, among others, Kalam, Tafsir, Hadith, Fiqh, Philosophy, Mysticism. Also can be added Ulum al-Qur’an, Ulum al-Hadith, Arabic with it various branches. In terms of “Kalamâ€, often more popularly called Aqeedah, Fiqh is called Shariah and Sufism called Akhlaq. Thus, the Islamic religious sciences trilogy as found in Islamic religious education in schools covering Aqidah - actually a discussion on Kalam/ theology, Worship-represented by Fiqh or Shariah-and Akhlaq-whose roots are Tasawwuf. Internal relationships between all disciplines of Islamic sciences are often interrelated, because they are actually could not be segregated and separated. This kind of Islamic sciences relationship are not alike with the relationship between Mathematics, Sociology and Law where their discussions can really be separated, meanwhile the relationships among Islamic sciences indeed interrelated to one another. In such approach, then when the paper titled ‘Kalam’, in fact it discusses very indirectly related to the discussion of Fiqh / Shari‘ah, Philosophy and Mysticism. When mentioned “Kalam†here means a way of life or view of religious Islamic World, which includes a variety of many disciplines in Islamic sciences. This paper is going to discuss Jasser Auda’s idea to answer the questions: whether the world view of Islam colored Religiously static (ghairu qabilin li al-niqash wa al-taghyir) or vice versa, the Islamic religious world view actual dynamic (qabilun li al-niqash wa al-taghyir) so that the concepts, understanding and interpretation of the old and new can be moved on a dialogue and discussion without unnecessary tension because of the history of human development and history of Muslims continues and always on the move and change according to the motion of the universe, as in fact the planet is spinning move as the movement and rotation of the other planets. In this paper, “Kalam†will be seen in the context of historical changes in human experience, from the traditional era, then how in the modern and postmodern as well as contemporary Muslim intellectuals, as Jasser Auda react it and how about the form or format Kalam world view in a nation-state era and in the global era like nowadays. What are the implications and consequences on education, propaganda, social- community relations, politics and so on

Konsep `Tuhan Mati\u27 Studi Pemikiran Eksistensialis Friedrich Nietzshce = \u27THE DEATH OF GOD\u27 CONCEPT Study of Friedrich Nietzsche\u27s Eksistensialist Thinking

ABSTRACT Humanity problems keep on flowing unstoppably as life also moves and changes. Realizing that life was not static, Nief7ccche criticized the structure of social values established by previous philosophers. Nietzsche was a high-spirited person and tried to be consistent with his humanistic destiny. The complexity of Nietzsche\u27s ideas can be described in four points, 1) the meaning of Nietzsche\u27s concepts of \u27God is dead\u27, 2) Uebermensch, 3) The will to Power, and 4) re-evaluational values. \u27God is dead\u27 in Nietzsche\u27s idea does not basically establish God as a person nor God as such. In this case, God is any form of human serfdom or destination of escape. Nietzsche presents Uebermensch as an unreachable destination. Someone can only find the direction toward Uebermensch when he or she has a strong Will to Power. Will to Power is a form of high spirit. How to reach Uebermensch and to make people realize the absolute existence of Will to Power gave Nietzsche ideas the emphasize the changes of point of view of the essence of life. The implication of Nietzsche\u27s ideas has had a very strong influence on religious life. Nietzshe stated that someone never stopped doing the utmost an religiously, someone could not claim that he had reached the real truths of a religion. Such claims have destroyed humankind\u27s creative urge to understand life because the secrets of life is basically in God\u27s hands only. Keyword : The Dead of God â Claim of Truth Religiusit