Metabolic Depression in Cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) Is Influenced by Ontogeny, and Enhances Thermal Tolerance

To examine the effect of ontogeny on metabolic depression in the cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus), and to understand how ontogeny and the ability to metabolically depress influence this species' upper thermal tolerance: 1) the metabolic rate of 9°C-acclimated cunner of three size classes [0.2–0.5 g, young of the year (YOY); 3–6 g, small; and 80–120 g, large (adult)] was measured during a 2°C per day decrease in temperature; and 2) the metabolic response of the same three size classes of cunner to an acute thermal challenge [2°C h−1 from 10°C until Critical Thermal Maximum, CTMax] was examined, and compared to that of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). The onset-temperature for metabolic depression in cunner increased with body size, i.e. from 5°C in YOY cunner to 7°C in adults. In contrast, the extent of metabolic depression was ∼80% (Q10 = ∼15) for YOY fish, ∼65% (Q10 = ∼8) for small fish and ∼55% (Q10 = ∼5) for adults, and this resulted in the metabolic scaling exponent (b) gradually increasing from 0.84 to 0.92 between 9°C to 1°C. All size classes of cunner had significantly (approximately 60%) lower routine metabolic rates at 10°C than Atlantic cod. However, there was no species' difference in the temperature-induced maximum metabolic rate, and this resulted in factorial metabolic scope values that were more than two-fold greater for cunner, and CTMax values that were 6–9°C higher (∼21 vs. 28°C). These results: 1) show that ontogeny influences the temperature of initiation and the extent of metabolic depression in cunner, but not O2 consumption when in a hypometabolic state; and 2) suggest that the evolution of cold-induced metabolic depression in this northern wrasse species has not resulted in a trade-off with upper thermal tolerance, but instead, an enhancement of this species' metabolic plasticity

GROWTH AND IMMUNITY CROSS-TALK IN RAINBOW TROUT: SUPRSSION OF THE INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR SYSTEM DURING INFECTION

International audienceDuring disease and infection it is probable that growth is attenuated , the molecular pathways involved are poorly characterised. We postulated that the insulin - like growth factor (IGF) axis - a central endocrine governor of vertebrate growth - is repressed during infection to promote resource reallocation towards immunity. T his hypothesis was tested in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) challenged by Aeromonas salmonicida (AS), a Gram - negative bacterial pathogen, or viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSv) at hatch, first feeding and 3 weeks - post first - feeding. Quantitative transcriptional profiling was performed for genes encoding IGF hormones, all salmonid IGF - I receptor and IGF binding proteins , and a panel of marker genes for growth and immune status. Many IGF axis genes were developmentally upregulated in concert with g enes controlling muscle protein synthesis, recapturing the onset of complex growth regulation. There were also differences in the developmental response of the IGF axis to AS and VHSv, with the VHSv challenge causing strong downregulation of many genes. De spite this, IGFBP - 1A1 and IGFBP - 6A2 subtypes - each negative regulators of IGF signalling - were massively induced by AS and VHSv in striking correlation with host defence genes regulated by cytokine pathways. Follow up experiments demonstrated a massive u pregulation of IGFBP - 1A1 , IGFBP - 6A2 and proinflammatory cytokine genes , associated with large downregulation of genes encoding IGF hormones and IGF - I receptor in spleen and head kidney of rainbow trout challenged by a different bacterium, Yersinia ruckeri . Based on our findings, we propose a model where certain IGFBP subtypes are directly regulated by cytokine signalling pathways, allowing immediate modulation of growth and/or immune system phenotypes according to the level of activation of immunity. Our fi ndings provide new and comprehensive insights into cross - talk between conserved pathways regulating teleost growth, development and immunit

TIAViz: A Browser-based Visualization Tool for Computational Pathology Models

Digital pathology has gained significant traction in modern healthcare systems. This shift from optical microscopes to digital imagery brings with it the potential for improved diagnosis, efficiency, and the integration of AI tools into the pathologists workflow. A critical aspect of this is visualization. Throughout the development of a machine learning (ML) model in digital pathology, it is crucial to have flexible, openly available tools to visualize models, from their outputs and predictions to the underlying annotations and images used to train or test a model. We introduce TIAViz, a Python-based visualization tool built into TIAToolbox which allows flexible, interactive, fully zoomable overlay of a wide variety of information onto whole slide images, including graphs, heatmaps, segmentations, annotations and other WSIs. The UI is browser-based, allowing use either locally, on a remote machine, or on a server to provide publicly available demos. This tool is open source and is made available at: https://github.com/TissueImageAnalytics/tiatoolbox and via pip installation (pip install tiatoolbox) and conda as part of TIAToolbox.Comment: Application note to be submitted to bioinformatic

The Reading Perception Of Medical Staff About The Use Of Prehospital Ultrasound

This study was a focus on the use of pre-hospital ultrasound in Saudi Arabia. Generally, ultrasound is used in a high frequency by health care providers in different countries within hospitals or pre-hospital. The main point of using the ultrasound was to reduce the time of diagnosis at the hospital and decrease the rate of mortality and morbidity. The study was a cross-sectional study and was used to assess the perception of medical staff about the use of pre-hospital ultrasound. This survey study had 130 participants, and 80 of them were agreed to involve in this study. It was conducted in King Abdulaziz Hospital of National Guards, Al Ahsa and College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdul Aziz University for Health Sciences, Al Ahsa Campus, Saudi Arabia. ATLAST ti 8 was used for systematic literature review and SPSS v23 obviously for data analysis. This was a new and novel study as the Pre-hospital ultrasound was not used before in the pre-hospital. On the other hand, the findings showed that the participants displayed a high level of interest in improving their knowledge and skills of using ultrasound during its application in the pre-hospital setting. It was also recommended to have more research in future on the subject

Stress-related and ontogenetic aspects of metabolic depression in cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus)

This thesis examined: 1) how ontogeny affects aspects of metabolic depression in the cunner; and 2) whether the stress response of adult cunner is modified during metabolic depression. The effect of decreasing temperature at 2°C per day on the metabolism of three size classes of ∼9°C acclimated cunner was studied. The onset-temperature for metabolic depression in cunner decreased with body size (age), i.e. 7°C in adult fish vs. 6°C and 5°C in small and young-of-the-year (YOY) fish, respectively. In contrast, the extent of metabolic depression was ∼80% (Q₁₀ = ∼15) for YOY fish, ∼65% (Q₁₀ = ∼8) for small fish, and ∼55% (Q₁₀ = ∼5) for adults. Stress hormone levels and steroidogenic transcript levels were measured in adult cunner acclimated at 0°C and 10°C. Fish at 10°C had 9.09 fold and 4.77 fold higher post-stress plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels, respectively, and 4.67 fold greater resting plasma cortisol levels (∼65 ng ml⁻¹) compared with 0°C fish (∼10 ng ml⁻¹). However, cortisol levels did not increase post-stress in 10°C fish, whereas 0°C fish had a 'typical' stress response with cortisol levels reaching ∼107 ng ml⁻¹ by 2 hours post-stress. Transcript levels of P450scc were 3.25 fold higher in the head kidney of 10°C fish compared with 0°C fish. However, there was no significant difference in StAR transcript levels in the head kidney of 10°C fish compared with 0°C fish. GR transcript levels were 1.70 fold and 1.29 fold lower in the head kidney and liver, respectively, of 10°C fish compared with 0°C fish

The effect of decreasing temperature at 2°C day⁻¹ on oxygen consumption (MO₂) of young-of-the-year (YOY), small and adult (large) cunner.

<p>A repeated measures one-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett's post-hoc tests (P<0.05), was used to identify significant differences (*) in MO₂ between the acclimation temperature (9°C) and the other temperatures within each size class. The arrows indicate the temperature at which a rapid decrease in MO₂ was initiated for each size class. Values are mean ±1 S.E. (N = 7 - 8 for each size class).</p

The effect of body size on metabolic parameters in cunner and Atlantic cod [Routine Metabolic Rate (RMR, A), Maximum Metabolic Rate (MMR, B), Absolute Metabolic Scope (AMS, C), and Factorial Metabolic Scope (FMS, D)].

<p>Dashed and solid lines indicate linear regressions for the cunner and Atlantic cod, respectively. The mass scaling exponent (<i>b</i>) at each temperature was calculated as the slope of the log – log relationships plus 1. An asterisk (*) indicates an estimated value based on data from 9 Atlantic cod acclimated to, and tested at, both 8°C and 12°C (Gamperl and Canada, unpublished). All regressions were significant at p<0.001.</p

Metabolic parameters and Critical Thermal Maximum (CT_Max) values for 10°C acclimated cunner and Atlantic cod of various size classes [YOY, young of the year; small and large (adult)] when exposed to an acute temperature increase of 2°C h⁻¹.

<p>Within each column, values without a letter in common are statistically different (P <0.05) between size classes. ⁺ and * indicate significant differences between the two species for a particular metabolic parameter at P <0.05 and P <0.06, respectively. Values are mean ± 1 S.E., N  =  7–10. RMR  =  routine metabolic rate. MMR  =  maximum metabolic rate. AMS and FMS  =  absolute and factorial metabolic scope, respectively.</p><p>Metabolic parameters and Critical Thermal Maximum (CT_Max) values for 10°C acclimated cunner and Atlantic cod of various size classes [YOY, young of the year; small and large (adult)] when exposed to an acute temperature increase of 2°C h⁻¹.</p

The effect of increasing temperature at 2°C h⁻¹ until loss of equilibrium (CT_Max) on oxygen consumption in (A) cunner and (B) Atlantic cod.

<p>Each line represents one size class: YOY (0.2–0.5 g), small (3–6 g), or large (∼100 g). Values are means ±1 S.E.</p