PABRIK SODIUM CHLORIDE DENGAN PROSES MULTIPLE-EFFECT EVAPORATION

Perencanaan pabrik sodium chloride ini diharapkan dapat berproduksi dengan kapasitas 45.000 ton sodium chloride/tahun dalam bentuk solid. Pabrik beroperasi secara continuous selama 24 jam proses dan 330 hari kerja dalam setahun. Kegunaan terbesar dari sodium chloride adalah pada bidang industri kimia makanan, dimana sodium chloride mempunyai kegunaan utama sebagai pencegah gejala kekurangan yodium, yang dapat mengakibatkan beberapa penyakit seperti gondok, masalah kelenjar thyroid, dan penurunan mental. Secara singkat, uraian proses dari pabrik sodium chloride sebagai berikut : Pertama-tama garam rakyat diencerkan, kemudian dicampur dengan NaOH dan Na2CO3. Campuran kemudian difiltrasi dan dikristalisasi dengan multiple-effect evaporator. Kristal kemudian difiltrasi dari mother liquor, kemudian dikeringkan dan dihaluskan sampai dengan 100 mesh sebagai produk sodium chloride untuk keperluan industri kimia dan farmasi. Pendirian pabrik berlokasi di Manyar, Gresik dengan ketentuan : Bentuk Perusahaan : Perseroan Terbatas Sistem Organisasi : Garis dan Staff Jumlah Karyawan : 194 orang Sistem Operasi : Continuous Waktu Operasi : 330 hari/tahun ; 24 jam/hari Analisa Ekonomi : * Massa Konstruksi : 2 Tahun * Umur Pabrik : 10 Tahun * Fixed Capital Investment (FCI) : Rp. 29.235.158.000 * Working Capital Investment (WCI) : Rp. 7.769.405.000 * Total Capital Investment (TCI) : Rp. 37.004.563.000 * Biaya Bahan Baku (1 tahun) : Rp. 62.342.970.000 * Biaya Utilitas (1 tahun) : Rp. 14.703.570.000 - Steam = 621.576 lb/hari - Air pendingin = 192 M3/hari - Listrik = 10.800 kWh/hari - Bahan Bakar = 4.776 liter/hari * Biaya Produksi Total (Total Production Cost) : Rp. 93.232.854.000 * Hasil Penjualan Produk (Sale Income) : Rp. 109.355.884.000 * Bunga Bank (Kredit Investasi Bank Mandiri) : 19% * Internal Rate of Return : 20,53% * Rate On Investment : 18,71% * Rate On Equity : 21,16% * Pay Out Periode : 4,3 Tahun * Break Even Point (BEP) : 35

Fertility transition in Pakistan: neglected dimensions and policy implications

This research addresses some of the neglected non-program dimensions related to stagnant fertility transition in Pakistan. Previous research identified a range of factors influencing fertility in Pakistan, particularly the effect of distortions in reported ages, fertility inhibiting variables, timing of first marriage and first birth, and birth intervals. The literature provides evidence that there is no systematic analysis of these dimensions particularly at the regional levels. This research addresses these dimensions by evaluating the fertility and reproductive health data in particular using the cross-sectional data from the 1990 and 2006 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, and 2000-01 Pakistan Reproductive Health and Family Planning Survey.Based on the application of relevant demographic and statistical techniques, the study demonstrates evidence of clear discrepancies in age reporting among married females across the seven geographic regions. This had influence on the estimated marital fertility rates which tend to be significantly higher when the reporting effects were adjusted. The analysis of fertility inhibiting factors reveals that timing of marriage and contraceptive use are crucial determinants associated with fertility reduction in Pakistan. By far, the strongest factor driving increase at first marriage in Pakistan is the level of female education which tends to vary significantly across different geographic regions. The analysis of the duration between marriage and first conception shows rather unexpected complex hazard functions with two peaks suggesting the behaviour of two different groups of women: those adhering to the traditional pattern in which conception take place soon after marriage; and those who postpone conception after marriage. Punjab, Baluchistan and urban regions are ahead of the fertility transition at the national level, confirming the effect of longer birth intervals. Based on the analysis of the proximate determinants framework, it can be concluded that Pakistan has entered the early third phase of the fertility transition. Urban Punjab and Baluchistan have also showed convergence to the third phase of the fertility transition. Breastfeeding and amenorrhea have emerged as significant determinants of birth interval duration.The results of this study highlight various areas for programme intervention and policy development. There is a dire need for a policy to improve the levels of female literacy and education especially in poorly developed regions which are in the second phase of fertility transition. A cost-effective intervention would be using mass media, for example radio broadcasting as the medium to disseminate reproductive health and family planning information. Pakistan needs specific policy interventions aimed at empowering girls with education for delaying marriage and encouraging contraceptive use. In formal education programmes, the syllabus should include the introduction to contraception, sexual health education as well as information on sexually transmitted diseases

Companion planting: the effect of planting Allium Cepa (onion plant) to the growth of Capsicum Annuum (chili plant) / Nur Shahira Abdul Nasir

The purpose of this research is to prove the method ‘companion planting’ or as known as ‘intercropping’ managed to improve the rate of growth for the plants involved. The purpose of the study is to identify how the Allium cepa (onion plant) could bring effects to the rate of growth of Capsicum annuum (chili plant). In this research, the seeds of both plants are germinated separately. Every means of supporting the plant growth was by using organic manure. All the germinated seedlings were transferred into the study site. On the study site, there were two separate sets of plants. One of it was chili plant planted alone in a row of three while the other set was chili plant planted next to onion plant, which also planted in a row of three. Each row contained five plants. The growth process of the chili plant is observed carefully and comparison was made between the two sets of plants. The parameters which were being observed are the height, number or leaves, number of primary branches and dry weight. The p-value (>0.05) obtained from data analysis proves that there is no significance difference between the intercrop group and the sole crop group

Microscopic Study on Size and Roundness of Some Malaysian Sand for Proppant

The significant of proppants are really important in oil and gas operations worldwide. Proppants will always be needed in any hydraulic fracturing job. However, currently in Malaysia there is no local proppants producer exists although there are a lot of oil and gas field being operated. Besides, the sands in Malaysia also were not fully characterized for proppants. There is an opening to look for a suitable material to be used as a proppants in Malaysia. This is because the most of the material or sand that are currently being used for proppants exist in Malaysia. Hence, this project aims to characterize some of Malaysian sand in term of its size and roundness. At the same time, to provide any suggestion in order to improve the quality of sand for proppant if there is any. Comprehensive literature review have been conducted to identify the concept and scope of study to be consider to achieve the objectives, which are; i) hydraulic fracturing, ii)selection of proppants, iii) physical characteristic of proppants, iv) location of suitable sand sample considering its type and mineralogy of sand. On the other hand, to conduct this project successfully, the author also did searches through journal paper and technical books to identify the methodology. By utilizing the methods that have been mentioned by several literatures, the author will first collect sample from an area identified to have suitable sands which is Terengganu. The sample then will be used in laboratory experiment to determine its characteristic. The laboratory experiments involve sieve analysis, roundness and sphericity test and permeability. The experiments aim to characterize the sand samples that have been collected. Ultimately, suggestion for further study on related matter is made based on the finding especially in the area of standard proppant testing and improvement of proppant properties

The Use of Interactive Multimedia-Based Learning for Network Cable Installation Course

This research was conducted to determine the effectiveness of implementing Interactive Multimedia Courseware in learning the Network Cables Installation course at the Community College, Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE). The weaknesses and problems that exist in the conventional learning approach at the Community College will be described and the solution will be proposed by the researcher. The first step was to design a suitable courseware related to Network Cable Installation course that can be used in the teaching and learning process. Next, the courseware was implemented in the class and then evaluated for its usability in terms of perceived of usefulness, perceived of ease of use, learnability and future use of the courseware among students and lecturers. The instrument used for evaluation was a set of questionnaire. Observations on the students after they had used the courseware were also made. The results of the evaluation indicated that students have highly rated courseware in terms of usability

PENGARUH LEVERAGE, PERTUMBUHAN PENJUALAN, DAN UKURAN PERUSAHAAN TERHADAP PROFITABILITAS

The purpose of this study was to determine (1) the effect of leverage on profitability, (2) the effect of sales growth on profitability, (3) the effect of company size on profitability. used in this study amounted to 4 companies. The results of this study indicate that leverage has a negative and significant effect on profitability in cigarette companies listed on the IDX during the 2016-2018 period, sales growth has a negative and significant effect on profitability in cigarette companies listed on the IDX during the 2016-2018 period. And also company size has a positive and significant effect on profitability in cigarette companies listed on the IDX during the 2016-2018 period. And each independent variable has a positive and significant effect on the dependent variable simultaneously, namely leverage, sales growth and company size which have a significant effect on profitability in cigarette companies listed on the IDX during the 2016-2018 period. So it can be concluded that each independent variable has a significant influence on the dependent variable either partially or simultaneously.  Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui (1) pengaruh leverage terhadap profitabilitas, (2) pengaruh pertumbuhan penjualan  terhadap profitabilitas, (3) pengaruh ukuran perusahaan terhadap profitabilitas . Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah perusahaan perusahaan rokok yang listing di BEI dengan jumlah sampel yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 4 perusahaan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa  leverage berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap profitabilitas pada perusahaan rokok yang terdaftar di BEI selama periode 2016-2018, pertumbuhan penjualan berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadal profitabilitas pada perusahaan rokok yang terdaftar di BEI selama periode 2016-2018. Dan juga ukuran perusahaan memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap profitabilitas pada perusahaan rokok yang terdaftar di BEI selama periode 2016-2018. Dan setiap variabel independen memiliki pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap variabel dependen secara simultan yaitu leverage, pertumbuhan penjualan dan ukuran perusahaan yang memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap profitabilitas pada perusahaan rokok yang terdaftar di BEI selama periode 2016-2018. Jadi dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa setiap variabel independen memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap variabel dependen baik secara parsial maupun secara simultan

Opposition-based manta ray foraging algorithm for global optimization and its application to optimize nonlinear type-2 fuzzy logic control

Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Control (IT2FLC) possesses a high control ability in a way that it can optimally handle the presence of uncertainty in a system dynamic. However, the design of such a control scheme is a challenging task due to its complex structure and nonlinear behavior. A Manta Ray Foraging Optimization (MRFO) is a promising algorithm that can be applied to optimize the control design. However, MRFO still suffers the local optima problem due to unbalance exploration-exploitation of the MRFO agents and hence limiting the performance of the desired control. In this paper, Standard, Quasi, Super, and Quasi-Reflected opposition strategies are integrated into the MRFO structure. Each strategy enhances the exploration-exploitation capability and offers different approaches of varying agent’s step size relative to the algorithm’s iteration. The proposed opposition-based MRFO (OMRFO) algorithms are applied to optimize the IT2FLC control design for a laboratory-scaled inverted pendulum system. Moreover, as the algorithms are also promising strategies to other problems, they are applied to solve 50D of 30 IEEE CEC14 benchmark functions representing problems with different features. Performance analysis of the algorithms is statistically conducted using Wilcoxon sign rank and Friedman tests. The result shows that the performance of MRFO and Quasi-Reflected-OMRFO are equal, while all other OMRFO variants show a significant improvement and better rank over the MRFO. The Super and Quasi OMRFO-IT2FLC schemes acquired the best responses for the cart and pendulum, respectively