Parental body mass index is associated with adolescent overweight and obesity in Mashhad, Iran

Objective: This cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among secondary school children aged 12 to 14 years in the city of Mashhad, Iran and its association with parental body mass index. Methods: A total of 1189 secondary school children (579 males and 610 females) aged 12-14 years old were selected through a stratified multistage random sampling. All adolescents were measured for weight and height. Household socio-demographic information and parental weight and height were self-reported by parents. Adolescents were classified as overweight or obese based on BMI-for age Z-score. Multivariable logistic Regression (MLR) determined the relationship between parental BMI and adolescent overweight and obesity. Results: The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity among secondary school children in Mashhad was 17.2% and 11.9%, respectively. A higher proportion of male (30.7%) than female (27.4%) children were overweight or obese. BMI of the children was significantly related to parental BMI (p<0.001), gender (p= 0.02), birth order (p<0.01), parents’ education level (p<0.001), father’s employment status (p<0.001), and family income (p<0.001). MLR showed that the father’s BMI was significantly associated with male BMI (OR: 2.02) and female BMI (OR: 1.59), whereas the mother’s BMI was significantly associated with female BMI only (OR: 0.514). Conclusion: The high prevalence of overweight/obesity among the research population compared with previous studies in Iran could be related to the changing lifestyle of the population. The strong relationship with parental BMI was probably related to a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors. Strategies to address childhood obesity should consider the interaction of these factors

Direct integration of the third-order two point and multipoint Robin type boundary value problems

This numerical study exclusively focused on the direct two point diagonally multistep block method of order four (2DDM4) in the form of Adams-type formulas. The proposed predictor–corrector scheme was applied in this study to compute two equally spaced numerical solutions for the third-order two point and multipoint boundary value problems (BVPs) subject to Robin boundary conditions concurrently at each step. The optimization of the computational costs was taken into consideration by not resolving the equation into a set of first-order differential equations. Instead, its implementation involved the use of shooting technique, which included the Newton divided difference formula employed for the iterative part, for the estimation of the initial guess. Apart from studying the local truncation error, the study also included the method analysis, including the order, stability, and convergence. The results of eight numerical problems demonstrated and highlighted competitive computational cost attained by the scheme, as compared to the existing method

Diagonal block method for solving two-point boundary value problems with Robin boundary conditions

This numerical study presents the diagonal block method of order four for solving the second-order boundary value problems (BVPs)with Robin boundary conditions at two-point concurrently using constant step size. The solution is obtained directly without reducing to a system of first-order differential equations using a combination of predictor-corrector mode via shooting technique. The shooting method was adapted with the Newton divided difference interpolation approach as the strategy of seeking for the new initial estimate. Five numerical examples are included to examine and illustrate the practical usefulness of the proposed method. Numerical tested problem is also highlighted on the diffusion of heat generated application that imposed the Robin boundary conditions. The present findings revealed that the proposed method gives an efficient performance in terms of accuracy, total function calls, and execution time as compared with the existing method

Two point diagonally block method for solving boundary value problems with Robin boundary conditions

This numerical study emphasizes on fifth order multistep block method for solving second order boundary value problems(BVPs) imposing Robin boundary conditions. The shooting technique will be utilized to compute the approximate solutions at two point simultaneously. The implementation of predictor-corrector scheme follows the PE(CE)r mode. Numerical results are presented to give a clear view of the performances for the proposed method. The order and stability of the method are also discussed

Two-point diagonally implicit multistep block method for solving Robin boundary value problems using variable step size strategy

This study focuses on the multistep integration method for approximating directly the solutions of the second order boundary value problems (BVPs) with Robin boundary conditions. The derivation of the predictor and corrector formulas uses Lagrange interpolation polynomial in the form of Adam's method. Two numerical solutions are computed concurrently within a block method with non-uniformly step size. The implementation of multistep block method follows the m PE(CE) procedure via shooting technique. Newton divided difference interpolation method is used during the iterative process for estimating the guessing values. The properties including the order, zerostable and stability region of the proposed method are discussed. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the computational efficiency of the developed method

Two point diagonally block method for solving boundary value problems with Robin boundary conditions

This numerical study emphasizes on fifth order multistep block method for solving second order boundary value problems (BVPs) imposing Robin boundary conditions. The shooting technique will be utilized to compute the approximate solutions at two point simultaneously. The implementation of predictor-corrector scheme follows the P E(CE) r mode. Numerical results are presented to give a clear view of the performances for the propose method. The order and stability of the method are also discussed

Direct integration of the third-order two point and multipoint Robin type boundary value problems

This numerical study exclusively focused on the direct two point diagonally multistep block method of order four (2DDM4) in the form of Adams-type formulas. The proposed predictor–corrector scheme was applied in this study to compute two equally spaced numerical solutions for the third-order two point and multipoint boundary value problems (BVPs) subject to Robin boundary conditions concurrently at each step. The optimization of the computational costs was taken into consideration by not resolving the equation into a set of first-order differential equations. Instead, its implementation involved the use of shooting technique, which included the Newton divided difference formula employed for the iterative part, for the estimation of the initial guess. Apart from studying the local truncation error, the study also included the method analysis, including the order, stability, and convergence. The results of eight numerical problems demonstrated and highlighted competitive computational cost attained by the scheme, as compared to the existing method

Direct integration of boundary value problems using the block method via the shooting technique combined with Steffensen’s strategy

This study is intended to evaluate numerically the solution of second order boundary value problems (BVPs) subject to mixed boundary conditions using a direct method. The mixed set of boundary conditions is subsumed under Type 1: mixed boundary conditions of Dirichlet and Robin and Type 2: mixed boundary conditions of Robin and Neumann. The direct integration procedure will compute the solutions at two values concurrently within a block with a fixed step size. The shooting technique adapted to the derivative free Steffensen method is employed as the iterative strategy to generate the new initial estimates. Four numerical examples are given to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of the developed numerical scheme of order six. The computational comparison indicates that the proposed method gives favorably competitive performance compared to the existing method in terms of accuracy, total function calls, and time saving

Determination Of Had Kifayah Zakat Among Pre-Graduate Students at Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (Usim)

This research was supported by Pusat Wakaf dan Zakat, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia under grant no PPPI/KHAS_PWZ/FSU/051007/15319.Had Kifayah refers to a minimum basic necessity rate set based on the current cost of living. The objective of this paper is to determine the current Had Kifayah for asnaf candidates focusing more on USIM Pre-Graduate students as the target group. The research method used are the qualitative and quantitative which apart from referring to existing writing and references, a survey was conducted to obtain the latest data from asnaf students through previous databases. The survey has been conducted via online instead one to one interview due to Covid-19 pandemic. Through a survey that covers aspects of student spending and income, the average of spending method has been used as per agreed with all team members to determine the Had Kifayah, in line with the method used by the state Islamic religious council as a reference. With the improvements made in the agreed calculation system, a more accurate calculation method has been developed and at the same time can help the process of proper distribution of zakat.Pusat Wakaf dan Zakat, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia under grant no PPPI/KHAS_PWZ/FSU/051007/1531