Isu dan cabaran pengelolaan kelas pengajian Tahfiz al-Quran secara dalam talian (Online ) di institusi tahfiz swasta dalam tempoh Perintah Kawalan Pergerakan (PKP)

Kelangsungan sistem pendidikan tidak boleh terhenti walaupun terdapat halangan bersemuka di kala pandemik COVID-19 termasuk dalam pengelolaan kelas pengajian Tahfiz al-Quran. Pelaksanaan kelas tahfiz secara dalam talian menjadi pilihan utama semua institusi Tahfiz bagi memastikan kelas pengajian Tahfiz tidak terbantut. Kajian ini adalah bertujuan untuk meninjau pelaksanaan dan pengelolaan kelas pengajian Tahfiz al-Quran terutamanya maahad atau pusat Tahfiz swasta dalam tempoh pandemik Covid-19. Tinjauan yang dilaksanakan ini merangkumi lima (5) perkara utama iaitu isu dan cabaran dari aspek pentadbiran Institusi Tahfiz, corak pelaksanaan jadual harian rasmi hafazan al-Quran, pelaksanaan kelas tasmik hafazan baharu, pelaksanaan kelas murajaah hafazan mingguan dan hafazan lama dan masalah dan cabaran pelaksanaan kelas hafazan dalam talian. Dalam proses pemerolehan data, kajian ini secara sepenuhnya menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif iaitu menggunakan kaedah temubual separa struktur yang dilaksanakan secara dalam talian. Bagi prosedur temubual, seramai 49 orang responden dari 27 institusi Tahfiz yang terdiri daripada mudir (pengetua) dan guru tasmik dan diniah (agama) telah ditemubual. Dapatan menunjukkan pelbagai isu dan cabaran timbul iaitu kemudahan peranti yang terhad, liputan internet yang tidak memuaskan, penjadualan kelas, komitmen dan disiplin pelajar, kerjasama ibu bapa dan pencapaian pelajar. Ia sekaligus menyebabkan perjalanan pentadbiran sekolah terjejas sehingga terdapat pelajar yang berhenti dari meneruskan pengajian mereka. Kajian ini mencadangkan beberapa langkah dan tindakan yang boleh diambil bagi memastikan perjalanan kelas Tahfiz berlangsung dengan lebih baik dan menghasilkan pelajar kekal berkualiti walaupun pembelajaran terhad dalam talian

ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN ILMU AL-BAYAN DALAM DIALOG AL-QURAN

Ilmu al-Bayan merupakan suatu usul dan kaedah bagi menyampaikan suatu makna menerusi pelbagai bentuk susunan bahasa supaya makna yang dikehendaki menjadi lebih jelas. Sastera Arab klasik sebelum penurunan al-Qur’an banyak mengekspresikan maksud dalam bentuk tashbih, majaz dan isti’arah yang merupakan gaya bahasa dalam ilmu al-Bayan. Kajian ini mengemukakan analisis penggunaan Ilmu al-Bayan dalam ayat-ayat dialog al-Qur’an. Dapatan menunjukkan ayatayat dialog didominasi oleh penggunaan empat gaya bahasa ilmu tersebut iaitu Kiasan (al-Kinayah), al-Majaz, al-Isti‘arah dan al-Tanasub al-Bayani.   Al-Bayan is the branch of Quranic science that becomes a root and methodology for conveying a meaning through various forms of language structure so that the desired meaning becomes clearer. Mainly, classical Arabic literature before the revelation of the Qur'an express meaning in the form tashbih, Majaz and isti'arah which is in the style of al-Bayan. This study presents an analysis of the use of al-Bayan in the verses of the Qur'anic dialog. The findings indicate passages of dialogue is dominated by the use of four of the stylistic knowledge of metaphor (al-Kinayah), al-Majaz, al-isti'arah and al-Tanasub alBayani

Prospects and potencies of tahfiz al-Quran education through the modernization on Malaysia

Tahfiz al-Quran nowadays is one important components in Malaysian education. It also has become the major concern of parents especially Tahfiz education conducted by the central or state government due to its curriculum that prepares worldly and hereafter needs. This article specifically discusses the prospects and potencies of Tahfiz education in current situations in some aspects, namely education of Tahfiz in higher education level, career path for huffaz (those who memorise the Quran), challenges in current technology and enhancement towards Tahfiz education during and after being a hafiz al-Quran. This study is an experiment and review (observation) that uses the approach of collection. The results indicated that the prospect and potential of Tahfiz education with their graduates are high as well as in need of some improvements. This study should be expanded in various forms for the purpose of strengthening and collecting source of information related to Tahfiz alQuran in the future

AL-KHABAR LANGUAGE ALPHABET IN TWO WAYS DIALOGUE IN AL-QUR’AN)(LARAS BAHASA AL-KHABAR DALAM AYAT-AYAT DIALOG DUA HALA AL-QUR’AN)

This study is about  the al-Khabar language alphabet that contained in the verses of the two-way dialogue in the Qur'an. The dialogue paragraph applies question-answer between two parties. Al-Khabar is a speech that has the probability of authenticity or falsity. The purpose of this study is to explore the method of delivery of al-khabar by the al-qur'an dialogue process and analyze its functionality. The analysis is carried out using a qualitative approach by making the theory of al-Hashimi, al-Samarra'i and al-Jurjani as the basic framework of analysis. The findings show that not all bilateral dialogues in the Qur'an begin with the first level and end up with the third level. There is dialogue that only uses Ibtida level, level of Talibi and Inkari. The findings also show the jumlah  ismiyyah used in verses in the form of Divine recognition while the jumlah  ismiyyah and jumlah fi'liyyah are both used in the context of attitude, behavior and actions. For the purpose of eternity, al-Khabar's alphabet also uses the al-Shart wa al-Jawab language style. Keywords: al-Khabar, Dialogue in al-Qur’an, Jumlah Fi’liyyah, Jumlah Ismiyyah. Abstrak Kajian ini berkaitan laras bahasa al-Khabar yang terdapat dalam ayat-ayat dialog dua hala al-Qur’an. Ayat dialog berlaku secara soal-jawab antara dua pihak. al-Khabar merupakan suatu ucapan yang mempunyai kebarangkalian keesahan atau kepalsuan. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk meneroka metode penyampaian al-khabar oleh pekata dialog al-qur’an dan menganalisis fungsiannya. Analisis yang dijalankan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menjadikan teori  al-Hashimi, al-Samarra’i dan al-Jurjani sebagai kerangka asas analisis. Dapatan menunjukkan tidak semua dialog dua hala dalam al-Qur’an bermula dengan tahap pertama dan berakhir dengan tahap ketiga. Terdapat dialog yang hanya menggunakan tahap Ibtida’, tahap Talibi dan Inkari dan tahap Ibtida’, Talibi dan Inkari. Dapatan juga menunjukkan jumlah ismiyyah digunakan dalam ayat-ayat berbentuk pengakuan ketuhanan manakala jumlah ismiyyah dan jumlah fi’liyyah kedua-duanya digunakan dalam konteks perbincangan sikap, tingkah laku dan tindakan. Bagi tujuan maksud kekekalan, laras bahasa al-Khabar juga menggunakan gaya bahasa al-Shart wa al-Jawab.Kata Kunci: al-Khabar, Dialog al-Qur’an, Jumlah Fi’liyyah, Jumlah Ismiyyah.

Burnout among surgeons before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an international survey

Background: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had many significant impacts within the surgical realm, and surgeons have been obligated to reconsider almost every aspect of daily clinical practice. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study reported in compliance with the CHERRIES guidelines and conducted through an online platform from June 14th to July 15th, 2020. The primary outcome was the burden of burnout during the pandemic indicated by the validated Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure. Results: Nine hundred fifty-four surgeons completed the survey. The median length of practice was 10 years; 78.2% included were male with a median age of 37 years old, 39.5% were consultants, 68.9% were general surgeons, and 55.7% were affiliated with an academic institution. Overall, there was a significant increase in the mean burnout score during the pandemic; longer years of practice and older age were significantly associated with less burnout. There were significant reductions in the median number of outpatient visits, operated cases, on-call hours, emergency visits, and research work, so, 48.2% of respondents felt that the training resources were insufficient. The majority (81.3%) of respondents reported that their hospitals were included in the management of COVID-19, 66.5% felt their roles had been minimized; 41% were asked to assist in non-surgical medical practices, and 37.6% of respondents were included in COVID-19 management. Conclusions: There was a significant burnout among trainees. Almost all aspects of clinical and research activities were affected with a significant reduction in the volume of research, outpatient clinic visits, surgical procedures, on-call hours, and emergency cases hindering the training. Trial registration: The study was registered on clicaltrials.gov "NCT04433286" on 16/06/2020

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Analisis isu-isu dalam al-Qira’at al-Shadhdhah

Al-Qira’at al-Shadhdhah ialah bacaan al-Qur’an yang telah gugur satu rukun atau lebih daripada rukun Qira’at al- Sahihah, iaitu sanad yang mutawatir, tepat dengan kaedah bahasa Arab dan Rasm ‘Uthmani. Bersandarkan banyak hadith yang membincangkan keluasan dan kemudahan yang diberikan Rasulullah SAW dalam konsep Sab‘ah Ahruf membuatkan wujudnya al-Qira’at al-Shadhdhah. Banyak kekeliruan timbul dalam menjawab beberapa permasalahan yang timbul daripada perbincangan al-Qira’at al-Shadhdhah. Justeru, tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menonjolkan maklumat seterusnya menganalisis isu dan permasalahan yang terdapat dalam perbincangan al-Qira’at al-Shadhdhah. Bagi mencapai tujuan ini, metode dokumentasi terhadap bahan berkaitan digunakan. Kajian ini mendapati pengkajian al-Qira’at al-Shadhdhah turut berperanan dalam pengembangan ilmu qira’at, di samping kajian terhadap al-Qira’at al-Mutawatirah. Isu dan permasalahan al-Qira’at al-Shadhdhah merupakan kajian yang perlu dikembangkan untuk menjamin autoriti al-Qur’an dijaga dan dipelihara

Prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends in anaemia burden by severity and cause, 1990–2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Anaemia is a major health problem worldwide. Global estimates of anaemia burden are crucial for developing appropriate interventions to meet current international targets for disease mitigation. We describe the prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends of anaemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories. Methods: We estimated population-level distributions of haemoglobin concentration by age and sex for each location from 1990 to 2021. We then calculated anaemia burden by severity and associated years lived with disability (YLDs). With data on prevalence of the causes of anaemia and associated cause-specific shifts in haemoglobin concentrations, we modelled the proportion of anaemia attributed to 37 underlying causes for all locations, years, and demographics in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Findings: In 2021, the global prevalence of anaemia across all ages was 24·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 23·9–24·7), corresponding to 1·92 billion (1·89–1·95) prevalent cases, compared with a prevalence of 28·2% (27·8–28·5) and 1·50 billion (1·48–1·52) prevalent cases in 1990. Large variations were observed in anaemia burden by age, sex, and geography, with children younger than 5 years, women, and countries in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia being particularly affected. Anaemia caused 52·0 million (35·1–75·1) YLDs in 2021, and the YLD rate due to anaemia declined with increasing Socio-demographic Index. The most common causes of anaemia YLDs in 2021 were dietary iron deficiency (cause-specific anaemia YLD rate per 100 000 population: 422·4 [95% UI 286·1–612·9]), haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias (89·0 [58·2–123·7]), and other neglected tropical diseases (36·3 [24·4–52·8]), collectively accounting for 84·7% (84·1–85·2) of anaemia YLDs. Interpretation: Anaemia remains a substantial global health challenge, with persistent disparities according to age, sex, and geography. Estimates of cause-specific anaemia burden can be used to design locally relevant health interventions aimed at improving anaemia management and prevention. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundRegular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations.MethodsThe Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model—a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates—with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality—which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds.FindingsThe leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2–100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1–290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1–211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4–48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3–37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7–9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles.InterpretationLong-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundEstimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period.Methods22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution.FindingsGlobal all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations.InterpretationGlobal adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic