LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY MODELLING UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES: A CASE STUDY OF CAMERON HIGHLANDS, MALAYSIA

Modeling landslide susceptibility usually does not include multi temporal factors, e.g. rainfall, especially for medium scale. Landslide occurrences in Cameron Highlands, in particular, and in Peninsular Malaysia, in general, tend to increase during the peak times of monsoonal rainfall. Due to the lack of high spatial resolution of rainfall data, Normalized Different Vegetation Index (NDVI), soil wetness, and LST (Land Surface Temperature) were selected as replacement of multi temporal rainfall data. This research investigated their roles in landslide susceptibility modeling. In doing so, four Landsat 7 Enhanced Multi Temporal Plus (ETM+) images acquired during two peak times of rainy and dry seasons were used to derive multi temporal NDVI, soil wetness, and LST. Topographic, geology, and soil maps were used to derive ‘static’ factors namely slope, slope aspect, curvature, elevation, road network, river/lake, lithology, soil geology lineament maps. Landslide map was used to derive weighting system based on spatial relationship between landslide occurrences and landslide factor using bivariate statistical method. A non-statistical weighting system was also used for comparison purpose. Different scenarios of data processing were applied to allow evaluation on the roles of multi temporal factors in landslide susceptibility modeling in terms of the accuracy of the landslide susceptibility maps (LSMs), the appropriate weighting system of the models, the applicability of the model, the ability to confirm the relation between landslide occurrences and rainfall. The results show that the average accuracy of LSMs produced by the developed models with inclusion of multi temporal factors is 49.1% on the overall. Addition of LST tends to improve the accuracy of LSMs. NDVI can be a suitable replacement for rainfall data since it can explain the relation between landslides occurrences and rainfall cycle. Statistical-based weighting system produced more accurate LSMs than non-statistical-based one and is applicable for landslide susceptibility modeling elsewhere. Significant causative factors were proven to produce more accurate LSMs

ROLE OF ANATOMICAL OBSTRUCTION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC SINUSITIS

Sinusitis is a commonly diagnosed condition in the general population.This article is a study to asses the role of anatomical obstruction in the pathogenesis of chronic sinusitis,based on symptomatology and radiological findings of the patients.The frequency of major anatomical variants like deviated nasal septum,concha bullosa and paradoxical middle turbinate leading to chronic sinusitis have been analyzed.Most of the time the obstruction at osteomeatal complex leading to chronic sinusitis is caused by more than one anatomical factor. 

Kecemasan Berbicara Bahasa Arab Siswa Program Intensif Bahasa Arab

Anxiety is a state of apprehension or worry that indicates that something bad will happen soon. And anxiety will turn into abnormal if the level does not match the proportions of the threat, or if it comes without any cause, that is, if not a form of response to the environment that will change. In the extreme, an anxiety will interfere with our daily activities. The aim of ths research is to know: (1) the level of theanxiety that students of arabic intensive program experienced when they speak arabic, (2) the factors that cause this anxiety when speak arabic that the students of arabic intensive programe experienced, and (3) the strategy on dealing this anxiety by the students of arabic intensive programe. This research use blended-method (qualitative and quantitative). This research is held in Unit Pelaksana Teknis (UPT) Bahasa Institut Agama Islam Darussalam (IAIDA) Blokagung Banyuwangi. The subjects of this research are the students who experienced the anxiety on speaking arabic in the arabic at UPT Bahasa IAIDA. They all are choosen by using purposive sampling. The researcher measure the level anxiety by using FLAS (Foreign Language Anxiety Scale) while observing and interviewing all of the students of arabic intensive program to identify the factor that cause the anxiety on speaking arabic. The researcher doing the observation by interviewing intensively and take field note. Intensive interview to the studens is used to know the factors of the anxiety and srudents strategy on dealing the anxiety. Meanwhile, field note is used to get the more accurate data. Based on the result found in the field, Researcher find out that the level anxiety the students have on speaking arabis is about 65% and categorized as atmedium level. While the factors that cause the anxiety on the students arabic speaking skill, in general, are divided into two categories; internal factors and external factors, and in the case of this research, the reseracher found the internal factors that are: worries on doing errors, lack of self confidence and inability to arrange the words into sentences. As for the external factors that are: the absence of supporting environment and the lack of motivation from students parrents. As for the strategy that students do, that are: preparring on learning material before entering the class and find partner in speaking arabic continously

Friend Or Foe In Gary Winick’s Bride Wars (2009): An Individual Psychological Approach

The study is to reveal how the friendship relation of the major characters, Emma Allen and Olivia Liv Lerner. The objective of the study is to analyze the movie based on the structural analysis and the individual psychological approach. This study is a qualitative study. The object of the study is Gary Winick’s Bride Wars. The data sources are divided into two, namely primary data source and secondary data source. In collecting the data, the writer watches the movie and uses library research by collecting and selecting the appropriate data from many sources. The technique of the data analysis, the writer uses descriptive technique. After analyzing the movie of Gary Winick’s Bride Wars, the writer concluded that there are several aspects of individual psychological approach of the major character. The aspects consist of fictional finalism, striving for superiority, inferiority feeling, style of life, social interest, and creative power. Emma Allen and Olivia Liv Lerner have some efforts to reach their fictional goal. They want to marry on Plaza hotel on June eventhough they must fight each other after they get the same date of wedding; the facts above show that the final goal of Emma Allen and Olivia Liv Lerner guides them to be more creative to make their dream come true

LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY MODELLING UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES: A CASE STUDY OF CAMERON HIGHLANDS, MALAYSIA

Modeling landslide susceptibility usually does not include multi temporal factors, e.g. rainfall, especially for medium scale. Landslide occurrences in Cameron Highlands, in particular, and in Peninsular Malaysia, in general, tend to increase during the peak times of monsoonal rainfall. Due to the lack of high spatial resolution of rainfall data, Normalized Different Vegetation Index (NDVI), soil wetness, and LST (Land Surface Temperature) were selected as replacement of multi temporal rainfall data. This research investigated their roles in landslide susceptibility modeling. In doing so, four Landsat 7 Enhanced Multi Temporal Plus (ETM+) images acquired during two peak times of rainy and dry seasons were used to derive multi temporal NDVI, soil wetness, and LST. Topographic, geology, and soil maps were used to derive ‘static’ factors namely slope, slope aspect, curvature, elevation, road network, river/lake, lithology, soil geology lineament maps. Landslide map was used to derive weighting system based on spatial relationship between landslide occurrences and landslide factor using bivariate statistical method. A non-statistical weighting system was also used for comparison purpose. Different scenarios of data processing were applied to allow evaluation on the roles of multi temporal factors in landslide susceptibility modeling in terms of the accuracy of the landslide susceptibility maps (LSMs), the appropriate weighting system of the models, the applicability of the model, the ability to confirm the relation between landslide occurrences and rainfall. The results show that the average accuracy of LSMs produced by the developed models with inclusion of multi temporal factors is 49.1% on the overall. Addition of LST tends to improve the accuracy of LSMs. NDVI can be a suitable replacement for rainfall data since it can explain the relation between landslides occurrences and rainfall cycle. Statistical-based weighting system produced more accurate LSMs than non-statistical-based one and is applicable for landslide susceptibility modeling elsewhere. Significant causative factors were proven to produce more accurate LSMs

Chances of the RbcL Gene as DNA Barcode Based on Chloroplast DNA to Uncoverthe Genetik Diversity of Local Indonesian Black Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

Black rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of germ plasm where there are many found in Indonesia. The popularity of black rice growing in line with public awareness for consuming a functional food. But the scientific study of black rice germ plasm in Indonesia still classified as low, especially the scientific study of the molecular genetik diversity. Information of molecular genetik diversity adequately on black rice germ plasm is one of the cornerstone for the development of action strategies for conservation the varieties of black rice in Indonesia in a sustainable way. The scientific study which is expected to be implemented in the form of research on black rice molecular genetik diversity is an approach of DNA barcode. Most of the genes that utilized as DNA barcode on plants is on chloroplasts DNA (cpDNA). cpDNA having the benefit characteristics for genetik diversity study compared with nuclei DNA (nDNA ) and mitochondria mtDNA. Characteristic of these is (1) the cpDNA genome have a small size and stable structure, (2) More conservative with lower average nucleotide substitution and (3) no recombination and uniparental heritable. This article discussed a potential DNA sequences of nucleotides from chloroplast DNA to give information on the genetik diversity of black rice, namely rbcL gene. Until now, NCBI database collected 143 partial sequence of rbcL gene. The number of partial sequence that has been collected is using as comparation facilitate to investigation the genetik diversity of Indonesia black rice. In the future, DNA barcode os expected to be implemented in the research

Invasi Fatimiyyah ke Mesir

Berdirinya Dinasti Abbasiyah di Bagdad telah semakin menjauhkkan kaum Alawiyyin dari percaturan politik. Bahkan mereka terus dikejar Abbasiyah di manapun berada untuk dimusnahkan. Salah satu keturunan Ali adalah Isma’il bin Ja’far al-Sadiq. Para pengikutnnya telah berhasil mendirikan kekhalifahan Fatimiyyah di tempat yang dapat dikatakan jauh dari pusat kekuasaan Abbasiyah di Bagdad. Selama beberapa abad, Fatimiyyah menguasai Afrika Utara, Mesir dan Magrib. Untuk dapat menguasai wilayah-wilayah tersebut, Fatimiyyah memiliki keyakinan bahwa jika Mesir bisa dikuasai, maka akan menjadi mudah menguasai wilayah-wilayah sekitarnya, sebab Mesir memiliki arti strategis baik dari sisi letak geografis maupun ekonomis. Atas dasar itu, ide penaklukan Mesir diwariskan secara turun temurun oleh para khalifah Fatimiyyah. Ada proses invasi yang dilakukan para khalifah Fatimiyyah untuk menaklukkan Mesir oleh 4 Khalifah yaitu al-Mahdi, al-Qaim, al-Mansur dan al-Mu’iz lidinillah yang berlangsung selama kurang lebih 57 tahun. Akhirnya, perjuangan tak kenal menyerah dengan berbagai strategi telah membuahkan hasil ditaklukkannya oleh oleh Fatimiyyah pada tahun 358 oleh khalifah al-Mu’iz lidinillah di bawah pimpinan panglima Jauhar

Memahami Maslahat Menggunakan Pendekatan Filsafat Utilitarianisme Menurut Muhammad Abû Zahrah

This paper seeks to describe the efforts of Abû Zahrah in making the philosophy of utilitarianism as a means of understanding the concept of maslahah mursalah in legal reasoning. In Zahrah?s view, the principle of utilitarianism can be taken into account as a guide to understand and apply the concept of maslahah. Zahrah goes on to argue that maslahah can be applied quantitatively using the hedonic calculus as a tool of measurement. Zahrah defines maslahah as an action that is valued as having the greatest benefit for the majority of people in the long term. In his opinion, there are seven factors that determine the level of satisfaction and pain resulted from an action, namely intensity, duration, certainty, propinquity, fecundity, purity, and extent. The calculation will produce positive balance if the credit (satisfaction) is much greater than the debt (pain). This calculus, according to Zahrah, can be applied to measure the benefit and loss in the discourses of maslahah mursalah