Relationship of breast cancer types with tissue density and patient age, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2012-2020

Objective: This study aims to characterize the types of breast cancer among women in Riyadh and evaluate the association between breast cancer types, breast tissue density, and age. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 524 female cancer patients aged 18 years with histologically or radiologically confirmed diagnoses from 2012 to 2020. Age, breast density, cancer type, TNM staging, radiographic grade, presence or absence of calcification, histological grading, and surgery type were extracted from the cancer program’s electronic reporting system. Results: We observed a significant association between type of cancer and age (p=0.006), stage of cancer (p<0.0001), histologic grade (p=0.004), and presence of calcifications (p=0.000). While the younger patients aged <50 had heterogeneously dense breasts, scattered areas of fibro glandular density were common among older patients (p=0.004). Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that the odds of patients having ductal carcinoma were 11 times higher in patients with Grade I cancer (p=0.011) and three times higher in those with Grade II cancer (p=0.021). The absence of calcifications decreased the odds of ductal carcinoma in situ (p=0.000). Conclusions: We observed a significant relationship between breast cancer type with age and stage of cancer. Although breast density was associated with age, it was independent of cancer type

Biochemical Characterization, Antifungal Activity, and Relative Gene Expression of Two Mentha Essential Oils Controlling Fusarium oxysporum, the Causal Agent of Lycopersicon esculentum Root Rot

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is important food in daily human diets. Root rot disease by Fusarium oxysporum caused huge losses in tomato quality and yield annually. The extensive use of synthetic and chemical fungicides has environmental risks and health problems. Recent studies have pointed out the use of medicinal plant essential oils (EOs) and extracts for controlling fungal diseases. In the current research, Mentha spicata and Mentha longifolia EOs were used in different concentrations to control F. oxysporum. Many active compounds are present in these two EOs such as: thymol, adapic acid, menthol and menthyl acetate. These compounds possess antifungal effect through malformation and degradation of the fungal cell wall. The relative expression levels of distinctly upregulated defense-related WRKY genes (WRKY1, WRKY4, WRKY33 and WRKY53) in seedling root were evaluated as a plant-specific transcription factor (TF) group in different response pathways of abiotic stress. Results showed significant expression levels of WRKY, WRKY53, WRKY33, WRKY1 and WRKY4 genes. An upregulation was observed in defense-related genes such as chitinase and defensin in roots by application EOs under pathogen condition. In conclusion, M. spicata and M. longifolia EOs can be used effectively to control this plant pathogen as sustainable and eco-friendly botanical fungicides

Green Synthesized of Thymus vulgaris Chitosan Nanoparticles Induce Relative WRKY-Genes Expression in Solanum lycopersicum against Fusarium solani, the Causal Agent of Root Rot Disease

: Fusarium solani is a plant pathogenic fungus that causes tomato root rot disease and yield losses in tomato production. The current study's main goal is testing the antibacterial efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Thyme vulgaris essential oil (ThE-CsNPs) against F. solani in vitro and in vivo. GC-MS analysis was used to determine the chemical constituents of thyme EO. ThE-CsNPs were investigated using transmission electron microscopy before being physicochemically characterized using FT-IR. ThE-CsNPs were tested for antifungal activity against F. solani mycelial growth in vitro. A pot trial was conducted to determine the most effective dose of ThE-CsNPs on the morph/physiological characteristics of Solanum lycopersicum, as well as the severity of fusarium root rot. The relative gene expression of WRKY transcript factors and defense-associated genes were quantified in root tissues under all treatment conditions. In vitro results revealed that ThE-CsNPs (1%) had potent antifungal efficacy against F. solani radial mycelium growth. The expression of three WRKY transcription factors and three tomato defense-related genes was upregulated. Total phenolic, flavonoid content, and antioxidant enzyme activity were all increased. The outfindings of this study strongly suggested the use of ThE-CsNPs in controlling fusarium root rot on tomatoes; however, other experiments remain necessary before they are recommended

2017 update of the WSES guidelines for emergency repair of complicated abdominal wall hernias

Emergency repair of complicated abdominal wall hernias may be associated with worsen outcome and a significant rate of postoperative complications. There is no consensus on management of complicated abdominal hernias. The main matter of debate is about the use of mesh in case of intestinal resection and the type of mesh to be used. Wound infection is the most common complication encountered and represents an immense burden especially in the presence of a mesh. The recurrence rate is an important topic that influences the final outcome. A World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) Consensus Conference was held in Bergamo in July 2013 with the aim to define recommendations for emergency repair of abdominal wall hernias in adults. This document represents the executive summary of the consensus conference approved by a WSES expert panel. In 2016, the guidelines have been revised and updated according to the most recent available literature.Peer reviewe

Przewidywanie wytrzymałości własciwej przedz z ekstra długiej bawełny Egipskiej przy wykorzystaniu indeksu jakości przędzy

Predicting the spun yarn tenacity from fibre properties is essential. The tenacity of spun yarns is one of the most important properties in determining the yarn quality, since it directly affects the winding, weaving and knitting production efficiency as well as the use of the fabric. Many research works tackled this subject trying to predict yarn properties from fibre properties. In this research work, a general review on the yarn tenacity topic was performed and a fibre quality index was developed and used for the prediction of yarn tenacity. A study on the potential of predicting yarn tenacity from single fibre tenacity and bundle fibre tenacity was presented, followed by the introduction of the MFQI as a viable factor for the prediction of yarn tenacity for ring and compact spun yarn. The results showed that Bundle fibre tenacity gives better results than single fibre tenacity in predicting the yarn tenacity. Index MFQI is proved to be highly correlated with the yarn tenacity.Bardzo ważnym problemem jest przewidywanie wytrzymałości właściwej przędz na podstawie właściwości włókien. W pracy dokonano przeglądu metod oraz opracowano indeks jakości włókna służący do przewidywania wytrzymałości właściwej przędzy. Jakość przędzy oceniano na podstawie wytrzymałości pojedynczych włókien oraz wiązek włókien, a następnie omówiono indeks jakości przędzy jako odpowiednie narzędzie do przewidywania wytrzymałości klasycznych przędz obrączkowych i kompaktowych. Wyniki wskazują, że lepiej można przewidywać wytrzymałość przędzy na podstawie wytrzymałości wiązki włókien niż pojedynczego włókna

Production of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi using In vitro Root Organ Culture and Phenolic Compounds

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi form obligate symbiotic associations with most of plant families. This limits their in vitro culturing and large-scale production. In vitro root organ culture is very useful for studying these symbiotic relationships and for mass production of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculants. This research aimed to study the effect of different phenolic compounds on the growth of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora gigantea using in vitro tomato root organ culture. Eight phenolic compounds were used against control without phenolic compounds. The phenolic compounds used in this research were cinnamic acid, catechin anhydrous, protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid, tannic acid, coumarin, esculetin and catechol. The experiments were done at two different pHs (5.7 and 6.5) in both solid and liquid media. Phenolic compounds exhibited different effects including stimulatory, inhibitory or no effects. Catechin anhydrous (which is a flavonoid compound) showed the most significant increase in both mycorrhizal root colonization and arbuscular abundance with moderate growth of root hairs at pH 6.5. Tannic acid inhibited the growth of root hairs, mycorrhizal colonization and formation of arbuscules at pH 5.7. Solid media were superior to liquid media in both mycorrhizal colonization and arbuscular formation

Enhanced Production, Cloning, and Expression of a Xylanase Gene from Endophytic Fungal Strain Trichoderma harzianum kj831197.1: Unveiling the In Vitro Anti-Fungal Activity against Phytopathogenic Fungi

Trichoderma sp. is extensively applied as a beneficial fungus for the management of plant diseases, plant growth promotion, induced resistance, and plays an important role in global sustainable agriculture. This study aimed to enhance the production of microbial xylanase in high titer from the endophytic fungus Trichoderma harzianum kj831197.1, and the cloning of xylanase genes in E. coli DH5&alpha; using a pUC19 vector. A combination of glucose, 0.1 mM, Tween 80 with lactose, and 2 mM galactose combined with malt extract boostedthe enzyme production. Xylanase production was maximized at a pH of 5.0, temp. of 30 &deg;C, and agitation of 150 rpm in the presence of malt extract and bagasse as the best nitrogen source and waste, respectively, using submerged fermentation. The molecular weight of highly purified xylanase was 32 KDa, identified using SDS-PAGE. The xylanase gene of T. harzianum kj831197.1 was screened in fungal DNA using definite primers specified in the gene bank database. The identified region was excised using restriction enzymes HindIII and EcoRI and cloned into a pUC19 plasmid vector. Optimization of fermentation conditions improved xylanase production about 23.9-fold.The antifungal efficacy of xylanase toward different phytopathogenic fungi was determined. The highest inhibition was against Corynespora cassiicola, Alternaria sp., Fusarium oxysporum, and Botrytis fabae. This study offered an economical, simple, and efficient method using Trichoderma harzianum kj831197.1 for the production of the xylanase enzyme via the submerged fermentation method