The potential of energy substitution in the industrial sector

The extent of substitutability between energy and the other factors (i.e. labour and capital) and between individual fuels (coal, electricity, natural gas and petroleum) is an extremely important question and quite central to energy policy, planning and analysis. This study considers the possibilities of energy substitution in the industrial sector of 5 major energy producers of the developing world (Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and Venezuela). The theoretical model utilized in the study is the two-stage trans-log cost function. The model is estimated using time series data over the period 1978 to 2003. The results indicate substantial inter-factor and inter-fuel substitutions are possible in the industrial sector. Substitution possibilities were found (1) between capital and labour, between capital and energy and between energy and labour in the inter-factor model and (2) for most combination's of fuel types in the inter-fuel model. This implies that there is some flexibility in energy policy options and energy utilization

The effect of virgin coconut oil loaded solid lipid particles (VCO-SLPs) on skin hydration and skin elasticity

Virgin Coconut Oil is usually extracted from well matured and fresh coconut through specialized processes without damaging its natural nutrition. In this work, formulation, characterization and efficacy of VCO-SLPs have been studied. VCO-SLPs were prepared using ultrasonification of molten stearic acid and virgin coconut oil in an aqueous solution and particles with the size of 0.608 μm have been obtained. 20% concentration of VCO-SLPs of 0.608 μm particle size was added into the base lotion. Sensory study and skin evaluation study was conducted to compare the difference between lotion containing VCO-SLPs and lotion without VCO-SLPs. Moisturizing lotion incorporated with VCO-SLPs was found to increase skin hydration and skin elasticity by 24.8% and 2.60% respectively from day 0 to day 28. This shows that solid lipid particles has the potential to be utilized as a carrier for improved dermal delivery of VCO

Some numerical methods for solving stochastic impulse control in natural gas storage facilities

The valuation of gas storage facilities is characterized as a stochastic impulse control problem with finite horizon resulting in Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations for the value function. In this context the two catagories of solving schemes for optimal switching are discussed in a stochastic control framework. We reviewed some numerical methods which include approaches related to partial differential equations (PDEs), Markov chain approximation, nonparametric regression, quantization method and some practitioners’ methods. This paper considers optimal switching problem arising in valuation of gas storage contracts for leasing the storage facilities, and investigates the recent developments as well as their advantages and disadvantages of each scheme based on dynamic programming principle (DPP

Tugas dan Wewenang Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan (BPOM) dalam Rangka Perlindungan Konsumen

Changes in production technology, international trade systems, and consumer lifestyles have increased the risks of the health and safety of consumers. Therefore, the government has formed the Drug and Food Supervisory Agency (BPOM) that has the responsibility and accountability in consumer protection. This paper aims to find out the duties and authority of BPOM in the context of consumer protection. The results of the study stated that there are several tasks attached to the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency (BPOM) which are based on Presidential Decree 166 of 2000. The powers are that protecting public health from the risk of circulation of therapeutic products, traditional medicines, complementary products, and cosmetics that do not meet quality requirements, safety, and efficacy, as well as food products that are unsafe and unfit for consumption. It also protects the public from the misuse of drugs, narcotics, psychotropic products, and addictive substances as well as risks due to the use of hazardous products and substances. BPOM also has the authority to conduct control, draft regulation and standardization, authorize industrial licensing and certification, product evaluation before being allowed to circulate, sampling and laboratory testing, investigation, and law enforcement

Penggunakan Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Inggris Tentang Komunikasi Interpersonal Di SMP Negeri 3 Gunungsindur

Penelitian ini beranjak dari fenomena yang terjadi di kelas bahwa rendahnya pemahaman dan hasil belajar peserta didik pada pembelajaran bahasa Inggeris tentang komunikasi interpersonal dengan mengunakan model pembelajaran problem based learning. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mengetahui penggunaan model pembelajaran Problem Based Learning dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar peserta didik tentang komunikasi interpersonal mata pelajaran bahasa Inggeris di kelas IX.6 SMP Negeri 3 Gunungsindur Kabupaten Bogor Semester 1 Tahun Pelajaran 2022/2023; (2) menggambarkan proses peningkatan hasil belajar peserta didik tentang komunikasi interpersonal mata pelajaran bahasa Inggeris sebelum dan sesudah menggunakan model pembelajaran problem based learning di kelas IX.6 SMP Negeri 3 Gunungsindur Kabupaten Bogor Semester 1 Tahun Pelajaran 2022/2023; dan (3) mengukur besarnya peningkatan hasil belajar peserta didik tentang komunikasi interpersonal mata pelajaran bahasa Inggeris sesudah menggunakan model pembelajaran problem based learning di kelas IX.6 SMP Negeri 3 Gunungsindur Kabupaten Bogor Semester 1 Tahun Pelajaran 2022/2023. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran Problem Based Learning dapat menjadi variasi pembelajaran yang menyenangkan bagi peserta didik sehingga terbukti meningkatkan hasil belajar peserta didik di Kelas IX.6 semester 1 SMP Negeri 3 Gunungsindur Kabupaten Bogor. Sebelum menggunakan model pembelajaran Problem Based Learning hasil belajar peserta didik hanya mencapai nilai rata-rata 66,81 kemudian terjadi peningkatan setelah menggunakan model pembelajaran Problem Based Learning menjadi 73,61 pada siklus 1 dan 81,53 pada siklus 2. Dari uraian di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan model pembelajaran Problem Based Learning yang disesuaikan dengan materi pembelajaran dapat menciptakan situasi belajar yang menyenangkan sehingga terjadi peningkatan hasil belajar peserta didik. Oleh karena itu peneliti menyarankan agar penggunaan model pembelajaran Problem Based Learning disosialisasikan dan digunakan sebagai alternatif dalam pembelajaran bahasa Inggeris di sekolah-sekolah SMP di lingkungan Dinas Pendidikan Kabupaten Bogor

CD Multimedia Interactive to Teach Philosophy of Islamic Education for Sophomore in IAIN Tulungagung

The development of technology and information today, especially in media information and communication can produce pattern of thinking and attitude to be a good progress. Moreover, with the rapid develop of technology right now, the world of education also join to plays a role in the process of utilizing of emerging technologies. In this case, utilizing the learning technology media to benefit optimally is useful for education process, as well as the teacher’s role that also needed for teaching and learning philosophical of Islamic education. The students are able to understand the material about philosophy and to hone the students’ thinking happily and motivated if the teacher teach them using multimedia interactive. Since this learning strategy can guide the students completely in order to master the philosophy material quickly. This multimedia Interactive help the students to learn and understand the materials of philosophy which can operate by computer. Those CD interactive program made by compound some materials in the form of film, moving picture, animation, and games. Therefore, the students are able to understand Philosophy of Islamic Education by utilizing the virtual picture of material which was packed in compact disc form even can be operated with computer or laptop

AL-QUR’AN DAN SASTRA: ANTARA ETIKA, ESTETIKA, DAN PROFETIKA

This paper aims to explore the meaning of a verse in the Al-Qur'an which is actually a message, bringing memories to reality, namely that although it is integrated into the Arabic linguistic system, the text of the Al-Qur'an has its own characteristics. The Qur'an, a unique text, makes use of a certain lively and dynamic 'linguistic code' to transfer its distinctive 'treatise'. This peculiarity was later recognized by the Arabs, and even made the people who attacked the treatise admire. Starting from the various uniqueness possessed by the Al-Qur'an, and moreover, there arose a challenge from the Qur'an itself to the Arabs to replicate, duplicate, and create something new on a number of texts such as the Qur'an, for example the letter -a letter in short, gave birth to the idea of ​​the absolute 'incommensurability (i'jaz)' of the Qur'an. A study of solving social complexity that can create harmony amidst the variability of society