Antibody Responses of Cattle Immunized with the Tf190 Adhesin of Tritrichomonas foetus

The antibody response patterns of cattle after subcutaneous and intranasal immunizations with adhesin Tf190 of Tritrichomonas foetus were investigated. Reactions of antibody from cattle parenterally immunized with Tf190 revealed antigen specificity and Tf190 sensitization in the majority of the animals, as determined by Western blotting. The results also demonstrated strong preimmune immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) binding to T. foetus antigens not seen in IgG1 profiles. Subcutaneous injections of Tf190 resulted in significant (P < 0.05) increases in serum IgG1 and IgG2 titers over time, as determined by parasite specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immune sera also significantly inhibited parasite adhesion to mammalian cell lines compared to the level of inhibition obtained with preimmune sera (P < 0.05). Intranasal immunization with Tf190 failed to produce measurable parasite-specific antibody in serum; however, this immunization route did result in significant (P < 0.05) increases in parasite-specific IgA titers in cervical mucus secretions from immunized animals that were more resistant to intravaginal challenge with T. foetus than controls. These results suggest that systemic immunization with Tf190 results in serum antibody production and antiparasitic adhesin antibodies. Additionally, the results of challenge experiments with intranasally immunized animals suggests that Tf190 primes protective immune responses that lead to lower rates of infection among these animals

Vinyl never say die': The re-incarnation, adoption and diffusion of retro-technologies

New technologies continue to shape the way music is produced, distributed and consumed. The new turn to digital streaming services like iTunes, Spotify and Pandora, in particular, means that very recent music format technologies such as cassettes and CD's have almost lost their value. Surprisingly, one 'obsolete' music format technology, Vinyl record, is making a rapid comeback. Vinyl sales around the world, in recent times, have increased year on year, and the number of music enthusiast reaching for these long-playing records (LP's) continue unabated. Drawing on the sociology of translation as an interpretive lens, we examine the momentum behind the revival of vinyl record, as a preferred music format choice for a growing number of music enthusiasts. In doing this we unpack the inarticulate and latent network of relationships between human and non-human actors that constitutively give form to the contemplative knowledge (what has become) of the resurgence of vinyl as a format of choice. We conclude by discussing how insights from the vinyl reincarnation story could help open up new possibilities for rethinking the contextual re-emergence of near-obsolete technologies, the mobilization of different actors to aid their re-diffusion and potential exploitation of value from retro-technologies