Muscular performance adaptations to short-term plyometric training on sand: influence of interday rest

The aim of the current investigation was to determine the effects of short-term plyometric depth jump training on sand interposed with 48 hours or 72 hours of rest between training sessions on power type muscular adaptations in recreationally physical active men. Fifteen collegiate physical active men, who were familiar with plyometric exercise, participated in this study and were randomly divided into 2 groups: plyometric training with 48 h (PT48, N=7) and 72 h (PT72, N=8) of rest between training sessions. Pre and post training on sand, participants were measured in vertical jump (VJ), standing long jump (SLJ), agility t Test (TT), 20 and 40 m sprints, and one repetition maximum leg press (1RMLP). The plyometric training program on sand was applied during 6 weeks, 2 sessions per week, with 5 sets of 20 repetitions depth jump exercise from 45 cm box height. After completing 6 weeks training period, the PT48 and PT72 groups showed significant improvement in all performance tests (p<0.05), with statistically significant differences between treatments in TT and 40 m sprint time. With regard to significant differences in TT and 40 m sprint for PT72 compared with PT48 and greater improvements for PT72 in all tests, it can be recommend that coaches, strength and conditioning professionals apply 72 h rest between plyometric training sessions when sand surface was used

El test d’una repetició màxima incrementa els índexs sèrics

Introducció. L’objectiu d’aquest estudi fou examinar l’efecte del test d’una repetició màxima en el dany i el dolor muscular en homes entrenats i no entrenats. Mètodes: Participaren a l’estudi 10 homes entrenats (E) i 10 no entrenats (NE). Els subjectes realitzaren un test d’una repetició màxima (1RM) de l’exercici d’esquat, i s’avaluà l’activitat de la creatina cinasa (CK), la concentració de la proteïna C reactiva (PCR) i el dolor muscular (quàdriceps i isquiotibials), a l’inici i al cap de 24, 48 i 72 hores després del test 1RM. Resultats: S’observaren increments significatius de l’activitat de la CK i dolor muscular a les 24, 48 i 72 hores després del test 1RM, així com diferències significatives entre els subjectes entrenats i els no entrenats (p < 0,05). En les concentracions de PCR, ambdós grups mostraren increments significatius en el descans, a les 24, 48 i 72 hores posteriors al test 1RM, i a les 72 hores en comparació amb les 24 hores (p < 0,05). No es detectaren diferències significatives de la concentració de la PCR (p > 0,05) entre els dos grups. Conclusió: En conclusió, el test d’1RM en l’exercici d’esquat (intensitat alta i volum baix) incrementa l’activitat de la CK, la concentració de la PCR en el plasma i el dolor muscular en subjectes entrenats i no entrenats. Es pot observar que el test 1RM pot induir dany muscular, cosa que suposaria un factor negatiu tant per als esportistes com per a la resta d’individus, donat que el dolor muscular s’associa a una disminució del rendiment. © 2012 Consell Català de l’Esport. Generalitat de Catalunya. Publicat per Elsevier España, S.L. Tots els drets reservats

One repetition maximum test increases serum indices of muscle

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of one repetition maximum test on muscle damage and soreness in trained and untrained males. Methods: Ten trained (T) and 10 untrained (UT) males participated in this study. Subjects performed one repetition maximum (1RM) test for the back squat exercise and creatine kinase (CK) activity, C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration, and muscle soreness (quadriceps and hamstring) were assessed at pre, 24, 48 and 72 h post 1RM test. Results: Significant increases in CK activity and muscle soreness were observed at 24, 48 and 72 h post 1RM test, and there were also significant differences between T and UT (p < 0.05). In the CRP concentration, both groups indicated significant increases above resting at 24, 48 and 72 h post 1RM test and 72 h compared to 24 h (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between T and UT in the CRP concentration (p > 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, the 1RM back squat test (high intensity and low volume) increases CK activity, CRP concentration in the plasma and muscle soreness in the T and UT. It can be observed that 1RM test can induce muscle damage, which would be a negative factor for athletes and individuals, since the muscle injury is associated with decreased performance. © 2012 Consell Català de l’Esport. Generalitat de Catalunya. Published by Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved

El test de una repetición máxima incrementa los índices séricos referentes a daño y dolor muscular en varones entrenados y no entrenados

Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar el efecto del test de una repetición máxima sobre el daño y el dolor muscular en hombres entrenados y no entrenados. Métodos: Participaron en el estudio 10 hombres entrenados (E) y 10 no entrenados (NE). Los sujetos realizaron un test de una repetición máxima (1RM) en el ejercicio de sentadilla, y se valoró la actividad de la creatincinasa (CK), la concentración de la proteína C reactiva (PCR) y el dolor muscular (cuádriceps e isquiotibiales) al inicio y a las 24, 48 y 72 horas posteriores al test 1RM. Resultados: Se observaron incrementos significativos de la actividad de la CK y el dolor muscular a las 24, 48 y 72 horas posteriores al test 1RM, así como diferencias significativas entre los sujetos entrenados y los no entrenados (p < 0,05). En las concentraciones de PCR, ambos grupos mostraron incrementos significativos en el descanso, a las 24, 48 y 72 horas posteriores al test 1RM, y a las 72 horas en comparación con las 24 horas (p < 0,05). No se detectaron diferencias significativas de la concentración de la PCR (p > 0,05) entre los dos grupos. Conclusión: En conclusión, el test 1RM en el ejercicio de sentadilla (alta intensidad y bajo volumen) incrementa la actividad de la CK, la concentración de la PCR en el plasma y el dolor muscular en sujetos entrenados y no entrenados. Puede observarse que el test 1RM puede inducir daño muscular, lo que significaría un factor negativo tanto para los deportistas como para el resto de individuos, puesto que el dolor muscular se asocia a una disminución del rendimiento. © 2012 Consell Català de l’Esport. Generalitat de Catalunya. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L. Todos los derechos reservados

Teaching academic writing to Iraqi undergraduate students: An investigation into the effectiveness of a genre-process approach

A modified integrated process-genre approach (MIM) was implemented with EFL undergraduate students in Iraq. Some students subject to the MIM were better able to construct structurally complex and reasonably-grounded arguments and to employ a wider range of informal reasoning patterns group.Combining the merits of both the process and genre approaches has the potential to develop a more coherent model of writing by taking into account cognitive and social demands

Oxidative dna damage and lipid peroxidation to cluster vs. traditional sets resistance exercise in professional volleyball players

Cells continuously produce free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) as part of metabolic processes. Exercise can induce an imbalance between ROS and antioxidants, which is referred to as oxidative stress. Acute bout of resistance exercise (RE) induces activation of several distinct systems of radicals generation, but the effects of different RE loading on oxidative stress response is not clear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the influence of cluster vs. traditional sets of RE on oxidative DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and uric acid response in athletes. To elicit blood oxidative stress, 12 professional young male volleyball players undertook two different RE loading patterns: 1) cluster loading pattern, 2) traditional loading pattern which was standardized for total volume and completed in a randomized crossover fashion with a four-day interval between trials. Blood samples were collected before and after RE for markers of oxidative stress and damage. In response to both the cluster and traditional sets, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), and uric acid were significantly elevated post exercise (p<.05). Although no statistically significant differences between loading patterns were observed, the rate of elevations in 8-OHdG (effect size [ES]: 1.4 vs. 1.3) and 4-HNE (ES: 8.1 vs. 7.9) was greater for the traditional sets; likewise, the rate of uric acid excretion was greater for the cluster RE (ES: 1.6 vs. 1.4). These data suggests that RE induced DNA damage, and lipid peroxidation, but they were greater for the traditional RE. Therefore, strength and conditioning professionals in the field of volleyball must keep in their mind that RE induces oxidative stress and should use proper RE loading patterns in their training schedule

Effect of neurofeedback on perceptual organization, visual and auditory memory in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

 Abstract ObjectivesNeurofeedback is a noninvasive treatment that changes brain activity in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and thereby improves performance in these children. We examined the effect of neurofeedback on perceptual organization, visual and auditory memory in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Materials &amp; MethodsThis study was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test design, and control group. The sample included 20 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were selected through convenience sampling in Khorramabad, central Iran in 2017. The sample was divided into control and experimental groups. Pre-test included Rey-Osterrieth complex figure and Wechsler digit span. Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test was used to measure perceptual organization and visual memory. Wechsler digit span was used to measure auditory memory. After conducting pre-test, the experimental group participated in neurofeedback training sessions. Theta/Beta protocol was applied for all participants. The control group did not receive any intervention. Then post-test was conducted on two groups. ResultsNeurofeedback training significantly improved visual memory (P&lt;0.001) but neurofeedback training had no significant effect on the perceptual organization (P&gt;0.05). Moreover, neurofeedback training enhanced auditory short-term memory and auditory working memory (P&lt;0.05).ConclusionNeurofeedback improved neurocognitive abilities in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Evaluating Fuzzy Reliability System using Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set

في هذه البحث، يتم حساب المعولية الضبابية لنوع مختلف من الأنظمة باستخدام طريقة الاختزال لنظم السلسلة وتطبيق قواعد مجموعة الحدس الضبابي&nbsp; كما في المثال التوضيحي مع الاستنتاجاتthis paper a fuzzy&nbsp; reliability&nbsp; of a different types of a systems is calculated by using a reduction&nbsp; method to series system and applying Intuitionistic rules of fuzzy&nbsp; Sets which deals with uncertainty and incomplete informations to calculate the fuzzy reliability via illustrative example is presented with conclusions