El convenio 190 sobre violencia y acoso en el mundo del trabajo

El impacto que ha tenido el Convenio 190 de la Organización Internacional del trabajo, en las asociaciones sindicales de base y en sus respectivas federaciones y la relevancia que le han dado diversos medios de comunicación no es la habitual a la brindada a otras normativas internacionales. Esto da cuenta del interés por regular esta materia tan compleja de abordar. Tampoco es habitual la rapidez con la que se impulsó por parte del gobierno nacional la ratificación de este convenio. En la apertura de las sesiones del Congreso 2020 el Presidente se comprometió a impulsar su aprobación, lo que da cuenta del lugar que ocupa en la agenda de gobierno. Las normas de derechos humanos son manifestaciones de la lucha de distintos sectores de las sociedades, en modo alguno esto se presenta como una excepción ante la sanción y ratificación que hizo Argentina del Convenio 190 de la OIT. En este caso, nos encontramos con una normativa que fue el resultado de diez años de trabajo intenso, con el fuerte impulso de organizaciones sindicales de todo el mundo. Podemos historizar acerca de la normativa internacional que ha abordado la temática de la violencia y específicamente la violencia de género, en los sistemas de derechos humanos tanto universal como regional, tal como fueron la Convención contra la tortura y otros tratos y penas crueles inhumanos y degradantes (2011), la Convención contra la eliminación de todas las formas de Discriminación contra la mujer (1979) y la Convención Interamericana para Prevenir, Sancionar y Erradicar la Violencia contra la Mujer (1994 OEA), entre otros instrumentos de carácter obligatorio. Este convenio no resulta solamente una nueva normativa en la temática, sino que se presenta como un documento fundante, o bisagra, pues representa un cambio de paradigma en el abordaje de las situaciones de acoso y violencia laboral. Sitúa el acoso laboral, no como un hecho aislado, sino que lo ubica en estructuras de relaciones de poder complejas, dando cuenta que el abordaje tiene distintas instancias y que implica a más actores que los directamente involucrados. Asimismo, reconoce que esas relaciones de poder, pueden estar vinculadas también a estructuras patriarcales regulando además situaciones de violencia de género en el plano laboral. Como docentes de la cátedra Derecho de Infancia, Familia y Cuestión Penal56, el abordaje de las normativas vinculadas a la violencia y fundamentalmente a la cuestión de género es una preocupación constante. El modo de pensar el análisis normativo en la cátedra está vinculado a la real posibilidad de identificar y pensar situaciones conflictivas y construir senderos en el futuro escenario profesional, en los que las prácticas interventivas tradicionales sean interpeladas, se cuestionen los posicionamientos enraizados desde los que se piensan los casos de violencia de género y se logren abordajes enmarcados en el respeto de los derechos de todas las personas, en los principios de los derechos humanos de universalidad, interrelación, no discriminación e igualdad. De esa manera, rescatar los estándares de derechos humanos y de la perspectiva de género en particular cristalizados en la normativa que estudiamos en la asignatura, los antecedentes sociohistóricos que la sustentan, las características propias de las luchas sociales dadas que vienen a fundamentar la existencia de esa normativa, son aspectos fundamentales en el abordaje de la problemática que nos convoca. La intención del presente artículo es dar cuenta fundamentalmente de los aspectos sustanciales que sustentan la creación de este instrumento internacional, sobre quienes son las personas abarcadas por el mismo y cuáles son los derechos que les reconoce, qué principios rectores sustentan la protección de esos derechos, cuáles son los diferentes ámbitos de sociabilidad que abarcan el escenario o mundo laboral, las múltiples relaciones laborales que podrían existir, que varían conforme la normativa en la materia de cada Estado, y las implicancias de su aprobación y ratificación estatal, no sólo para los Estados obligados en el plano internacional e interno sino también para los múltiples actores de la escena laboral.Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y SocialesFacultad de Trabajo Socia

Standardization of Caco-2 cell culture as in vitro model for intestinal permeability

The aim of this study was to find out the optimal experimental conditions for Caco-2 cell culture (time and density) and permeability assays (diffusion system and drug concentration) in order to study the in vitro drugs permeability as a predictive method for drug absorption across intestinal epithelium. The integrity of the monolayers used in each assay was determined by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the permeability of the atenolol-a drug which is transported across the monolayers by the paracellular pathway-. The best working condition was obtained with a cell seeding of 7.104 cells/insert in a vertical difussion chamber. In such context, the monolayers had a TEER higher than 550 Ω.cm2 and the apparent permeability coefficient of atenolol was 0.71 ± 0.19 x 10-6 cm/seg.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Predicting field N2_{2}O emissions from crop residues based on their biochemical composition: A meta-analytical approach

Crop residue incorporation is a common practice to increase or restore organic matter stocks in agricultural soils. However, this practice often increases emissions of the powerful greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N$_{2}$O). Previous meta-analyses have linked various biochemical properties of crop residues to N$_{2}$O emissions, but the relationships between these properties have been overlooked, hampering our ability to predict N$_{2}$O emissions from specific residues. Here we combine comprehensive databases for N$_{2}$O emissions from crop residues and crop residue biochemical characteristics with a random-meta-forest approach, to develop a predictive framework of crop residue effects on N$_{2}$O emissions. On average, crop residue incorporation increased soil N$_{2}$O emissions by 43% compared to residue removal, however crop residues led to both increases and reductions in N$_{2}$O emissions. Crop residue effects on N$_{2}$O emissions were best predicted by easily degradable fractions (i.e. water soluble carbon, soluble Van Soest fraction (NDS)), structural fractions and N returned with crop residues. The relationship between these biochemical properties and N$_{2}$O emissions differed widely in terms of form and direction. However, due to the strong correlations among these properties, we were able to develop a simplified classification for crop residues based on the stage of physiological maturity of the plant at which the residue was generated. This maturity criteria provided the most robust and yet simple approach to categorize crop residues according to their potential to regulate N$_{2}$O emissions. Immature residues (high water soluble carbon, soluble NDS and total N concentration, low relative cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin fractions, and low C:N ratio) strongly stimulated N$_{2}$O emissions, whereas mature residues with opposite characteristics had marginal effects on N$_{2}$O. The most important crop types belonging to the immature residue group – cover crops, grasslands and vegetables – are important for the delivery of multiple ecosystem services. Thus, these residues should be managed properly to avoid their potentially high N$_{2}$O emissions

Quantifying stratospheric biases and identifying their potential sources in subseasonal forecast systems

The stratosphere can be a source of predictability for surface weather on timescales of several weeks to months. However, the potential predictive skill gained from stratospheric variability can be limited by biases in the representation of stratospheric processes and the coupling of the stratosphere with surface climate in forecast systems. This study provides a first systematic identification of model biases in the stratosphere across a wide range of subseasonal forecast systems. It is found that many of the forecast systems considered exhibit warm global-mean temperature biases from the lower to middle stratosphere, too strong/cold wintertime polar vortices, and too cold extratropical upper-troposphere/lowerstratosphere regions. Furthermore, tropical stratospheric anomalies associated with the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation tend to decay toward each system¿s climatology with lead time. In the Northern Hemisphere (NH), most systems do not capture the seasonal cycle of extreme-vortex-event probabilities, with an underestimation of sudden stratospheric warming events and an overestimation of strong vortex events in January. In the Southern Hemisphere (SH), springtime interannual variability in the polar vortex is generally underestimated, but the timing of the final breakdown of the polar vortex often happens too early in many of the prediction systems. These stratospheric biases tend to be considerably worse in systems with lower model lid heights. In both hemispheres, most systems with low-top atmospheric models also consistently underestimate the upward wave driving that affects the strength of the stratospheric polar vortex. We expect that the biases identified here will help guide model development for subseasonal-to-seasonal forecast systems and further our understanding of the role of the stratosphere in predictive skill in the troposphere.This work uses S2S Project data. S2S is a joint initiative of the World Weather Research Programme (WWRP) and the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). This work was initiated by the Stratospheric Network for the Assessment of Predictability (SNAP), a joint activity of SPARC (WCRP) and the S2S Project (WWRP–WCRP). The work of Rachel W.-Y. Wu is funded through ETH grant ETH-05 19-1. Support from the Swiss National Science Foundation through projects PP00P2_170523 and PP00P2_198896 to Daniela I. V. Domeisen is gratefully acknowledged. Chaim I. Garfinkel and Chen Schwartz are supported by the ISF–NSFC joint research program (grant no. 3259/19). The work of Marisol Osman was supported by UBACyT20020170100428BA and PICT-2018-03046 projects. The work of Alvaro de la Cámara is funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through project PID2019-109107GB-I00. Blanca Ayarzagüena and Natalia Calvo acknowledge the support of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the JeDiS (RTI2018-096402-B-I00) project. Froila M. Palmeiro and Javier García-Serrano have been partially supported by the Spanish ATLANTE project (PID2019-110234RB-C21) and Ramón y Cajal program (RYC-2016-21181), respectively. Neil P. Hindley and Corwin J. Wright are supported by UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), grant number NE/S00985X/1. Corwin J. Wright is also supported by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship UF160545. Seok-Woo Son and Hera Kim are supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (2017R1E1A1A01074889). This material is based upon work supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER), Regional and Global Model Analysis (RGMA) component of the Earth and Environmental System Modeling program under award no. DE-SC0022070 and National Science Foundation (NSF) IA 1947282. This work was also supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), which is a major facility sponsored by the NSF under cooperative agreement no. 1852977. Pu Lin is supported by award NA18OAR4320123 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U.S. Department of Commerce. Zachary D. Lawrence was partially supported under NOAA award NA20NWS4680051; Zachary D. Lawrence and Judith Perlwitz also acknowledge support from US federally appropriated funds

Quantifying stratospheric biases and identifying their potential sources in subseasonal forecast systems

The stratosphere can be a source of predictability for surface weather on timescales of several weeks to months. However, the potential predictive skill gained from stratospheric variability can be limited by biases in the representation of stratospheric processes and the coupling of the stratosphere with surface climate in forecast systems. This study provides a first systematic identification of model biases in the stratosphere across a wide range of subseasonal forecast systems. It is found that many of the forecast systems considered exhibit warm global-mean temperature biases from the lower to middle stratosphere, too strong/cold wintertime polar vortices, and too cold extratropical upper-troposphere/lower-stratosphere regions. Furthermore, tropical stratospheric anomalies associated with the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation tend to decay toward each system\u27s climatology with lead time. In the Northern Hemisphere (NH), most systems do not capture the seasonal cycle of extreme-vortex-event probabilities, with an underestimation of sudden stratospheric warming events and an overestimation of strong vortex events in January. In the Southern Hemisphere (SH), springtime interannual variability in the polar vortex is generally underestimated, but the timing of the final breakdown of the polar vortex often happens too early in many of the prediction systems. These stratospheric biases tend to be considerably worse in systems with lower model lid heights. In both hemispheres, most systems with low-top atmospheric models also consistently underestimate the upward wave driving that affects the strength of the stratospheric polar vortex. We expect that the biases identified here will help guide model development for subseasonal-to-seasonal forecast systems and further our understanding of the role of the stratosphere in predictive skill in the troposphere

Estudi de l'origen dels contaminants a l'aire de Barcelona en la zona limítrofe amb Sant Adrià del Besòs

Sol·licitant de l'informe: Gerència d'Ecologia Urban

Strategies for GHG mitigation in Mediterranean cropping systems. A review

In this review we aimed to synthetize and analyze the most promising GHGs mitigation strategies for Mediterranean cropping systems. A description of most relevant measures, based on the best crop choice and management by farmers (i.e., agronomical practices), was firstly carried out. Many of these measures can be also efficient in other climatic regions, but here we provide particular results and discussion of their efficiencies for Mediterranean cropping systems. An integrated assessment of management practices on mitigating each component of the global warming potential (N2O and CH4 emissions and C sequestration) of production systems considering potential side-effects of their implementation allowed us to propose the best strategies to abate GHG emissions, while sustaining crop yields and mitigating other sources of environmental pollution (e.g. nitrate leaching and ammonia volatilization)