EL ENEDUDAMIENTO LOCAL EN LOS MUNICIPIOS ESPAÑOLES. SITUACIÓN ACTUAL Y ALTERNATIVAS

El endeudamiento de las Administraciones Públicas ocupa en la actualidad una posición relevante en el ámbito de estudio de la Hacienda Pública, debido esencialmente a la situación de crisis económica y a las necesidades financieras públicas. El gasto local impropio financiado en buena medida con recursos ajenos, ha conllevado a un aumento de la deuda local. En la actualidad, la expansión natural de los servicios impropios es insostenible y de proseguir esta tendencia las Corporaciones locales se enfrentarán de nuevo a situaciones de insuficiencia financiera aún más complicadas.En este orden de cosas, dada la necesidad de las Entidades locales de prestar dichos servicios públicos y ante la situación de insuficiencia financiera de sus haciendas, ha sido el interés por estudiar el endeudamiento de las Administraciones Públicas, tratando de establecer las principales variantes que afectan al endeudamiento, constatando con datos empíricos la realidad existente y planteando las posibles alternativas al endeudamiento, en aras al cumplimiento de la obligación fundamental de cualquier Administración, como es la de satisfacer las necesidades de sus ciudadanos

El controvertido desarrollo del deporte durante la transición democrática española (1975-1982). una aproximación a sus limitaciones y principales condicionantes = The controversial development of sport during the spanish democratic transition (1975-198

Tras un periodo como el de la dictadura franquista (1939-1975), en el cual la actuación gubernamental en relación al fenómeno deportivo había sido, como mínimo, controvertida, la transición democrática (1975-1982) estableció un nuevo marco de actuación de los poderes públicos que posibilitaría, conjuntamente con la acción de los movimientos asociativos, la definitiva emergencia de un proceso de generalización del deporte entre la ciudadanía. Este desarrollo del deporte se contagió de la coyuntura social, política y económica característica de la transición democrática. De este modo, su evolución puede explicarse tanto a partir de los avances, acuerdos e iniciativas fruto de las políticas deportivas implementadas, como por la falta de consenso, críticas y limitaciones que constataron los movimientos asociativos y los medios de comunicación, y que explican una expansión no lineal del deporte español durante este periodo.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------After the period of Franco¿s dictatorship (1939-1975), during which government action in relation to sports was to say controversial at least, democratic transition (1975-1982) established a new framework for the public authorities which allowed, in collaboration with the action of associations, the final appearance of a process of bringing sports to the masses. The development of sports was conditioned by the social, political and economical situation characteristic of the democratic transition. Thus, its evolution can be explained from the result of the sports policies implemented and from the lack of consensus, criticism and limitations found by associations and the media, and which explain a nonlinear and difficult sports development during this period.Artículo revisado por pare

El controvertido desarrollo del deporte durante la transición democrática española (1975-1982). una aproximación a sus limitaciones y principales condicionantes = The controversial development of sport during the spanish democratic transition (1975-198

Tras un periodo como el de la dictadura franquista (1939-1975), en el cual la actuación gubernamental en relación al fenómeno deportivo había sido, como mínimo, controvertida, la transición democrática (1975-1982) estableció un nuevo marco de actuación de los poderes públicos que posibilitaría, conjuntamente con la acción de los movimientos asociativos, la definitiva emergencia de un proceso de generalización del deporte entre la ciudadanía. Este desarrollo del deporte se contagió de la coyuntura social, política y económica característica de la transición democrática. De este modo, su evolución puede explicarse tanto a partir de los avances, acuerdos e iniciativas fruto de las políticas deportivas implementadas, como por la falta de consenso, críticas y limitaciones que constataron los movimientos asociativos y los medios de comunicación, y que explican una expansión no lineal del deporte español durante este periodo.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------After the period of Franco’s dictatorship (1939-1975), during which government action in relation to sports was to say controversial at least, democratic transition (1975-1982) established a new framework for the public authorities which allowed, in collaboration with the action of associations, the final appearance of a process of bringing sports to the masses. The development of sports was conditioned by the social, political and economical situation characteristic of the democratic transition. Thus, its evolution can be explained from the result of the sports policies implemented and from the lack of consensus, criticism and limitations found by associations and the media, and which explain a nonlinear and difficult sports development during this period

Biodiversity accounting and reporting: A systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis

Towards the improvement of environmental sustainability and the conservation of biodiversity, organisations are increasingly aware of the importance of reporting their impacts on biodiversity and the conservation plans undertaken. Biodiversity accounting and reporting are relevant for developing organisational practices oriented towards environmental sustainability, promoting cleaner management policies with less impact on the environment. Biodiversity accounting research has attracted scholars in business management and accounting, and as a result, the literature in the field has grown in recent years. This study analyses the intellectual structure of the biodiversity accounting and management discipline through a systematic literature review, along with bibliometric techniques based on a co-word analysis of the main keywords included in 63 publications. The results reveal five thematic clusters: one motor cluster (sustainability), two transversal clusters (biodiversity reporting, corporate biodiversity management) and two isolated clusters (environmental protection, emancipatory accounting). In addition, the content of the selected papers is analysed and promising research paths are found, such as the need for more robust quantitative analyses or the development of new forms of emancipatory accounting. The study discusses the main insights from the analysis, proposes future research directions and provides practical implications for biodiversity protection and environmental sustainability. © The Author

Repeatability of choroidal thickness measurements assessed with swept-source optical coherence tomography in healthy and diabetic individuals

PURPOSE: To assess the intrasession repeatability of choroidal thickness measurements obtained using swept-source optical coherence tomography in Type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients and healthy controls. METHODS: This was a single-center, prospective, observational, cross-sectional study with consecutive inclusion of 33 healthy subjects and 43 T2D patients. Subjects underwent three consecutive swept-source optical coherence tomography scans in a single session. After automatic delineation of the choroid, subfoveal choroidal thickness, and thickness at 500-µm intervals up to 2, 500 µm nasal and temporal from the fovea were measured using the software caliper by the same operator. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), coefficients of variation, and test-retest variability were calculated. RESULTS: Mean subfoveal choroidal thickness in healthy subjects and in T2D patients was 229.97 ± 79.9 and 192.67 ± 74.3 µm, respectively (P = 0.013). All intrasession intraclass correlation coefficients were higher than 0.95 and 0.99, respectively. Coefficients of variations were less than 4.4% and 1.8%, respectively. Test-retest variability ranged from 0.76 µm to 11.12 µm and 0.64 µm to 6.29 µm, respectively. No significant differences were found in the intrasession repeatability of any choroidal measurement between healthy subjects and T2D patients. CONCLUSION: Swept-source optical coherence tomography provided excellent intrasession repeatability of choroidal thickness measurements in healthy subjects and T2D patients

Píldoras educativas en la docencia de Anatomía e Histología Ocular. Experiencia de transferibilidad

La experiencia que aquí se presenta se basa en la transferibilidad de innovación educativa centrada en el enfoque pedagógico de enseñanza inversa o «Flipped Learning», desarrollada entre profesores de áreas de conocimiento diferentes. Se ha aprovechado la experiencia y conocimiento previos para la producción de materiales audiovisuales para la impartición del módulo de Neuroanatomía, una de las partes más complejas de la asignatura “Anatomía e Histología Ocular” del Grado de Óptica-Optometría en la Universidad de Zaragoza. Para la elaboración de estas píldoras se ha seguido la Metodología para el Desarrollo de Objetos de Aprendizaje (MEDOA), y para valorar los resultados obtenidos tras utilizar estos vídeos docentes, se han analizado las calificaciones de los últimos 7 años académicos del módulo de Neuroanatomía. Los resultados revelan que la media obtenida para el año 2019, curso en el que se ha implementado la utilización de vídeos educativos, es la segunda más alta de todo el periodo estudiado. Por otra parte, se ha realizado una encuesta de satisfacción realizada por los alumnos que pone de manifiesto que la utilización de píldoras educativas hace más sencillo y eficiente el aprendizaje; les permite aprender más rápidamente y se adapta favorablemente a sus necesidades personales

Prevalence and factors associated with problematic internet use in a population of spanish university students

(1) Background: To examine the prevalence, and associated factors of, problematic Internet use in a sample of Spanish university students. (2) Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study of a convenience sample of 698 university students. Self-esteem, alcohol consumption, perceived social support, depression, anxiety, stress and problematic Internet use were evaluated using the Rosenberg, CAGE, DUKE-UNC-11, DASS-21 and Young’s Internet Addiction Test, respectively. (3) Results: Problematic internet use was reported by 21% of respondents. Risk of problematic Internet use was independently associated with the preferred use of the smartphone, time of exposure to the Internet, less perceived social support, problematic alcohol consumption and symptoms of stress and anxiety. We found significant association between problematic internet use and time of exposure to the Internet, residential status, alcohol consumption, self-esteem, perceived social support and psychological distress, after bivariate analysis. (4) Conclusions: A considerable prevalence of problematic Internet use was found; in our sample problematic Internet use was associated with stress, alcohol consumption, anxiety and perceived social support. Strategies aimed at the early identification of problematic Internet use may lead to an improvement in the psychosocial health of the university student population. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

The association between diet and sleep quality among Spanish university students

While it has long been recognized that diet is a leading behavioral risk factor for human health, recent scientific findings have also suggested that diet and sleep quality may be connected. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the association between diet and sleep quality among a group of Spanish university students. To do so, a cross-sectional study of 868 students was carried out. Sleep quality was assessed using the Spanish version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), while diet was assessed using the Spanish Healthy Eating Index (SHEI). The study revealed a noteworthy rate of bad sleepers (51.6%) and students whose diet needed modifications (82.2%). Unhealthy eaters were more likely to have poor sleep quality (aOR = 4.20; CI 95%: 2.07-8.52). The unbalanced intake of vegetables (aOR = 1.63; CI 95%: 1.14-2.34), fruits (aOR = 4.08; CI 95%: 2.90-5.74), dairy products (aOR = 1.96; CI 95%: 1.41-2.72), lean meats (aOR = 1.82; CI 95%: 1.19-2.78), legumes (aOR = 1.43; CI 95%: 1.00-2.02), sweets (aOR = 1.60; CI 95%: 1.13-2.25) and sugary soft drinks (aOR = 1.46; CI 95%: 1.07-1.99) was associated with lower sleep quality

Brote nosocomial de COVID-19 en una planta de medicina interna: probable transmisión aérea

Transmissió aèria; Brot; COVID-19Transmisión aérea; Brote; COVID-19Airborne transmission; Outbreak; COVID-19Background and objectives: Despite the increasing evidence supporting the importance of airborne transmission in SARS-CoV-2 infection, it has not been considered relevant in the vast majority of reported nosocomial outbreaks of COVID-19. The aim of this study is to describe a nosocomial outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 infection whose features suggest that aerosol transmission had an important role. Methods: This is a descriptive analysis of a nosocomial outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 infection in an internal medicine ward that occurred in December 2020. All cases were confirmed by a positive PCR test for SARS-CoV-2. Results: From December 5 to December 17, 21 patients and 44 healthcare workers (HCWs) developed a nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infection. Fifty-one of the 65 cases (78.5%) were diagnosed between December 6 and 9. The attack rate in patients was 80.8%. Among HCWs, the attack rate was higher in those who had worked at least one full working day in the ward (56.3%) than in those who had occasionally been in the ward (25.8%; p = 0.005). Three days before the first positive case was detected, two extractor fans were found to be defective, affecting the ventilation of three rooms. Sixteen cases were asymptomatic, 48 cases had non-severe symptoms, and 2 cases required admission to the intensive care unit. All patients eventually recovered. Conclusion: The high attack rate, the explosive nature of the outbreak, and the coincidence in time with the breakdown in air extractors in some rooms of the ward suggest that airborne transmission played a key role in the development of the outbreak.Antecedentes y objetivos A pesar de los datos cada vez mayores que respaldan la importancia de la transmisión aérea en la infección por el SARS-CoV-2, en la inmensa mayoría de los brotes nosocomiales descritos de COVID-19 no se ha considerado relevante. El objetivo de este estudio consiste en describir un brote nosocomial de infección por el SARS-CoV-2 cuyas características indican que la transmisión por aerosoles desempeñó un papel importante. Métodos Se trata de un análisis descriptivo de un brote nosocomial de infección por el SARS-CoV-2 en una planta de Medicina Interna que tuvo lugar en diciembre de 2020. Todos los casos se confirmaron mediante una PCR positiva para SARS-CoV-2. Resultados Entre el 5 y el 17 de diciembre, 21 pacientes y 44 profesionales sanitarios contrajeron una infección nosocomial por el SARS-CoV-2. De los 65 casos, 51 (78,5%) se diagnosticaron entre el 6 y el 9 de diciembre. La tasa de ataque en los pacientes fue del 80,8%. Entre los profesionales sanitarios, la tasa de ataque fue mayor en los que habían trabajado al menos una jornada laboral completa en la planta (56,3%) que en los que habían estado ocasionalmente en ella (25,8%; p = 0,005). Tres días antes de detectar el primer caso positivo se identificó una avería en dos extractores de aire, que afectó a la ventilación de tres habitaciones. Dieciséis casos cursaron de forma asintomática, 48 manifestaron síntomas leves y 2 precisaron ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Todos los casos se recuperaron finalmente. Conclusiones La elevada tasa de ataque, la naturaleza explosiva del brote y la coincidencia en el tiempo con la avería de los extractores de aire en algunas habitaciones de la planta indican que la transmisión aérea desempeñó un papel fundamental en el desarrollo del brote