Ex-Officio Rights of the Judges in Signating the Holder of Currency: Hadhanah in Directions of Divorce at the Religious Court as an Efforts of Legal Protection and Administration of Legal Certainity for Children

Child custody (hadhanah) is a problem that often occurs in divorce. This is because divorce often still leaves problems. Divorce only breaks the legal relationship between husband and wife and changes the status of each to a former husband and ex-wife but does not reduce conflicts between them. The conflict between the parents which then leads to a struggle for custody of the child clearly greatly affects the psychological condition of the child. It is the duty of a judge to provide the best interests as a form of protection for the child. The results of this study indicate: the right of ex officio judges is used or applied in the context of certainty, justice and legal benefits for both parties and especially for the child himself, hadhanah or post-divorce care for the child places the child's position as a party that must be protected and is a joint obligation of both parents. in the best interest of the child

The Strategy of Primary Health Care: progression or regression in the right to health?

Objectives: To analyze the tensions between Primary Health Care and the approach of the Right to Health, from the new legislation applied in the province of Cordoba, Argentina

La descentralización de servicios de salud en Córdoba (Argentina): entre la confianza democrática y el desencanto neoliberal

The decade of the 90’ has been rich in experiences of reform in the health sector, processes that must be located in the most general changes that has been produced in the relations between the State, the society and the market. Therefore, the study of the policy of decentralization of the health’s service in Argentina, and particularly in Córdoba adquires importance.This kind of policies was propitiated due to its posibilities of enhance the efficacy, efficiency and quality of the services, furthermore inciting democratization and communitary participation in the production of these services. The development of these policies in the 90’s context submitted to the fiscal adjust logic in detriment of the sanitary logic.The paper emphasizes the importance of subnational and local political processes in order to examine the outcomes of health services’ reform policy.La década del ‘90 ha sido rica en experiencias de reforma en el sector salud, procesos que deben ser ubicados en los cambios más generales que se han producido en las relaciones entre el Estado, la sociedad y el mercado. Así, el estudio de las políticas de descentralización de los servicios de salud en Argentina, y particularmente en Córdoba, adquiere importancia.Este tipo de políticas fueron impulsadas debido a sus posibilidades en torno a mejorar la eficacia, eficiencia y calidad de los servicios, además de profundizar la democratización y participación comunitaria en la producción de los mismos. El desarrollo de dichas políticas en el contexto de los ‘90 impuso la lógica del ajuste fiscal en detrimento de la lógica sanitaria.El trabajo destaca la importancia de los procesos políticos provinciales y locales a la hora de analizar los resultados obtenidos por las políticas de reforma de los servicios de salud

Lack of association of glycated haemoglobin with blood pressure and subclinical atherosclerosis in black South Africans: a five-year prospective study

Objectives: Hypertension and diabetes are common in rapidly urbanising sub-Saharan African communities. However, lack of longitudinal data in these regions prevents adequate analysis of the link between measures of glycaemia and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, we examined the relationships of fasting glucose and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) with brachial and central blood pressure (BP), and measures of vascular structure and function after five years in black South Africans.Setting and subjects: Nine hundred and twenty-eight participants were included as part of the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study in the North West Province.Outcome measures: Fasting glucose, HbA1c and brachial BP at two time points were determined. Central BP, augmentation index (AI) and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) were taken at follow-up.Results: Fasting glucose [4.78 (3.50, 6.30) vs. 5 mmol/l (3.96, 6.42)]; HbA1c [5.6 (4.9, 6.3) vs. 5.9% (5.2, 6.9) and (37 vs. 41 mmol/mol)]; and BP (134/88.1 vs. 138/89.5 mmHg) increased significantly over five years (p-value < 0.05). However, an association was absent between BP, AI or CIMT and either baseline or the five-year change in glucose or HbA,sub>1c. Multivariate analyses confirmed that neither glucose or HbA1c predicted changes in BP, CIMT or AI, but factors that did associate significantly were age, male gender, rural location, abdominal obesity, alcohol intake, total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein ratio, C-reactive protein and antihypertensive medication (R2, ranging from 0.24-0.36).Conclusion: Although both BP and measures of glycaemia increased significantly over five years in black South Africans, glucose was not independently associated with BP or measures of large artery structure or function. We suggest that fasting glucose and HbA1c below the threshold of diagnosing diabetes should not be used in isolation to predict cardiovascular risk in African individuals.Keywords: fasting glucose, glycated haemoglobin, ethnicity, atherosclerosis, longitudina

Common Bio-physical Criteria to Define Natural Constraints for Agriculture in Europe

A panel of soil, climate and land evaluation experts reviewed a set of land evaluation methods in order to elaborate an approach which can support the definition and delineation of the so called ¿Intermediate Less Favoured Areas for agriculture (iLFA)¿ in EU27. The driver for this exercise is Article 50.3 of EC-Regulation 1698/2005 calling for the revision of the existing system based on criteria related to low soil productivity and poor climate conditions for agriculture. FAO¿s agricultural problem land approach was selected and adjusted to come forward with the requested approach. The FAO approach was deemed appropriate because it is not crop-specific and for its simple assumptions regarding the mutual interaction of land characteristics on the overall suitability of the land, making it applicable for a territory as large and diverse as EU27. Two climatic and four soil criteria were retained and complemented by one integrated soil-climate criterion (soil water balance), with slope as the sole topographic criterion. For each criterion two critical limits were defined dividing the criterion range into three sub-ranges: not limiting, severely limiting and very severely limiting for agriculture. The criteria and the associated critical limits or threshold values can be used anywhere to discriminate land with biophysical constraints to agricultural production on the basis that soil and climate data of sufficient spatial and semantic detail are available. Whereas such datasets are held at regional and national levels, Pan-European soil and climate data sets also exist to which the criteria and threshold values can be applied. However, their spatial and to a lesser extent semantic resolution is too restricted to classify land fully in line with terrain reality. The pan-European assessments are however useful as a reference backdrop for assessment of consistency of exercises which use national or regional data sets.JRC.H.5-Rural, water and ecosystem resource

Vitamin D Status among Pulmonary TB Patients and Non-TB Controls: A Cross-Sectional Study from Mwanza, Tanzania.

Little is known about vitamin D status in low-income populations burdened with infectious diseases. Hence, there is a need for data on correlates of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (S-25(OH)D) and its validity during infections. To assess the role of pulmonary TB (PTB) and HIV as correlates of S-25(OH)D. Age-sex-matched cross-sectional study among PTB patients and non-TB controls. PTB patients were categorized as sputum negative (PTB-) and positive (PTB+) by culture. Non-TB controls were randomly selected among age-sex-matched neighbours to PTB+ patients. Height, weight, arm circumference and triceps skinfold were measured, and body mass index (BMI), arm fat (AFA) and muscle area (AMA) computed. HIV status, and S-25(OH)D, C-reactive protein (S-CRP) and α1-acid glycoprotein (S-AGP) were determined. Linear regression analysis with controls and PTB patients combined was used to identify correlates of S-25(OH)D. S-25(OH)D data were available on 97.8% (1570) of 1605 participants. Mean (SD) S-25(OH)D was 84.4 (25.6) nmol/L with 39.6% <75 nmol/L among 347 non-TB controls. Time of recruitment, sex, PTB and HIV, and elevated S-AGP were correlates of S-25(OH)D. S-25(OH)D was 24.8 (95% CI 18.6;30.9) nmol/L higher in PTB compared to controls among females, but only 9.8 (95% CI:4.5;15.2) nmol/L among males (interaction p<0.0001). Females had 13.8 (95% CI:8.2;21.9) nmol/L lower S-25(OH)D than males, and HIV infected individuals had 8.5 (95% CI:4.9;12.1) higher S-25(OH)D compared to uninfected. Elevated S-AGP was a positive correlate of S-25(OH)D. Low BMI was associated with S-25(OH)D, but not with infections or S-AGP in the model. While S-25(OH)D may decline transiently during a mild acute phase response, it may increase if the acute phase response leads to loss of fat. The validity of S-25(OH)D as a marker of vitamin D status may be affected by infections

Maggot Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Nutritional Content Using Various Culture Media

Maggot BSF (black soldier fly) (Hermetia illucens) has a high crude protein content of 42.1%. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional content of maggot as a substitute for fish meal by using various culture media. This research method used a completely randomized design of 5 treatments 4 replications P0 = 100% fermented rice bran, P1 = 50% fermented coconut dregs + 50% fermented rice bran, P2 = 50% fermented tofu dregs + 50% fermented rice bran, P3 = fermented rice bran 50% fermented palm kernel kernel + 50% fermented rice bran, P4 = 25% fermented coconut dregs + 25% fermented rice bran + 25% fermented tofu dregs + 25% fermented palm kernel cake. The parameters studied were moisture content, ash content, crude protein, crude fat and carbohydrates. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the use of culture media with a combination of 25% fermented rice bran + 25% fermented coconut dregs + 25% fermented tofu pulp + 25% fermented palm kernel meal was the best combination

Review of Land Evaluation Methods for Quantifying Natural Constraints to Agriculture

This report provides an overview of selected land evaluation methods for quantifying natural constraints to agriculture. It has been compiled for decision-makers with no specialised knowledge of land evaluations and the aim is to give an overview of methods and soil and climate criteria, which are applied for classifying areas less favourable for agriculture in Europe. The report is part of the Joint Research Centre¿s technical support to DG Agriculture and Rural Development in their preparatory work to find a new definition for classifying the EU Other/intermediate Less Favoured Areas to be implemented after 2010. The report includes standardised descriptions of selected land evaluation methods known internationally, namely: The Land Capability Classification, The Framework for Land Evaluation, the Agro-ecological Zoning Methodology, the Agricultural Problem Land Approach and the Expert System for Constraints to Agricultural Production in Europe. Criteria used in these methods and examples of applications and results are included, with preferences to applications on the European level. An overview of land evaluation methods and criteria, which are currently applied for indicating low land productivity by the Member States for their classification of the Other Less Favoured Areas are included. Finally, a summary of the reviewed methods and criteria and a discussion of issues of importance in the ongoing work on identifying common biophysical criteria for the Other Less Favoured Areas are provided. The report is aimed to be a base for DG Agriculture and Rural Development in their consultation with Member States and future networks of scientists involved in the progress of classifying the Other Less Favoured Areas from biophysical criteria, seen as natural handicaps to agriculture.JRC.H.5-Rural, water and ecosystem resource