10 research outputs found

    Clin Ther

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    Purpose Although quantitative benefit–risk models (qBRms) are indisputably valuable tools for gaining comprehensive assessments of health care interventions, they are not systematically used, probably because they lack an integrated framework that provides methodologic structure and harmonization. An alternative that allows all stakeholders to design operational models starting from a standardized framework was recently developed: the discretely integrated condition event (DICE) simulation. The aim of the present work was to assess the feasibility of implementing a qBRm in DICE, using the example of rotavirus vaccination. Methods A model of rotavirus vaccination was designed using DICE and implemented in spreadsheet software with 3 worksheets: Conditions, Events, and Outputs. Conditions held the information in the model; this information changed at Events, and Outputs were special Conditions that stored the results collected during the analysis. A hypothetical French birth cohort was simulated for the assessment of rotavirus vaccination over time. The benefits were estimated for up to 5 years, and the risks in the 7 days following rotavirus vaccination versus no vaccination were assessed, with the results expressed as benefit–risk ratios. Findings This qBRm model required 8 Events, 38 Conditions, and 9 Outputs. Two Events cyclically updated the rates of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) and intussusception (IS) according to age. Vaccination occurred at 2 additional Events, according to the vaccination scheme applied in France, and affected the occurrence of the other Events. Outputs were the numbers of hospitalizations related to RVGE and to IS, and related deaths. The entire model was specified in a small set of tables contained in a 445-KB electronic workbook. Analyses showed that for each IS-related hospitalization or death caused, 1613 (95% credible interval, 1001–2800) RVGE-related hospitalizations and 787 (95% credible interval, 246–2691) RVGE-related deaths would be prevented by vaccination. These results are consistent with those from a published French study using similar inputs but a very different modeling approach. Implications A limitation of the DICE approach was the extended run time needed for completing the sensitivity analyses when implemented in the electronic worksheets. DICE provided a user-friendly integrated framework for developing qBRms and should be considered in the development of structured approaches to facilitate benefit–risk assessment

    Drug Saf

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    Introduction Quantitative benefit-risk models (qBRm) applied to vaccines are increasingly used by public health authorities and pharmaceutical companies as an important tool to help decision makers with supporting benefit-risk assessment (BRA). However, many publications on vaccine qBRm provide insufficient details on the methodological approaches used. Incomplete and/or inadequate qBRm reporting may affect result interpretation and confidence in BRA, highlighting a need for the development of standard reporting guidance. Objectives Our objective was to provide an operational checklist for improved reporting of vaccine qBRm. Methods The consolidated standards of reporting quantitative Benefit-RIsk models applied to VACcines (BRIVAC) were designed as a checklist of key information to report in qBRm scientific publications regarding the assessed vaccines, the methodological considerations and the results and their interpretation. Results In total, 22 items and accompanying definitions, recommendations, explanations and examples were provided and divided into six main sections corresponding to the classic subdivisions of a scientific publication: title and abstract (items 1–2), introduction (items 3–4), methods (items 5–15), results (items 16–17), discussion (items 18–20) and other (items 21–22). Conclusions The BRIVAC checklist is the first initiative providing an operational checklist for improved reporting of qBRm applied to vaccines in scientific articles. It is intended to assist authors, peer-reviewers, editors and readers in their critical appraisal. Future initiatives are needed to provide methodological guidance to perform qBRm while taking into account the vaccine specificities

    Les modĂšles quantitatifs pour l’évaluation du rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque des vaccins : Ă©tat de l’art et axes d’amĂ©lioration

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    Vaccination is one of the most successful public health achievements in disease prevention. However, since their introduction, vaccines have been relatively contentious. Health controversies have contributed to erode the population’s confidence in vaccination and health authorities. A transparent communication based on a robust demonstration of the benefit-risk assessment (BRA) of vaccines could be therefore necessary to inform decision-makers and restore the public’s confidence.Quantitative benefit-risk models (qBRm) applied on vaccines is an important, and increasingly used, tool to support the BRA from decision-makers. These models provide a structure for incorporating evidence from multiple sources to quantify and put into perspective the benefits and risks of an intervention. However, health authorities and pharmaceutical companies are concerned about the lack of an explicit and systematic framework. While some initiatives that aims at optimising the BRA of health products are emerging, few of them are specific to vaccines. In this context, our research aimed to propose and test new tools to structure qBRm applied on vaccines in order to optimise them use in the decision-making process from different stakeholders. The first part of this work aimed at identifying publications reporting on qBRm for vaccines through a systematic literature review and describing their study characteristics according to specific classification criteria. The analyses confirmed that the number of qBRm of vaccines publications has been increasing since 2000. One-third of the qBRm publications were related to rotavirus vaccination. However, none of these studies on rotavirus vaccination had been performed to specifically address the French context. The analysis of the selected studies revealed divergences in terms of the methodological approaches used and gaps in the granularity of information reported, making complex the interpretation and comparison of the models. In the second part of this research, we therefore endeavoured to propose areas for improvement. To start with, we designed an operational checklist to improve the reporting of qBRm applied on vaccines. Indeed, an adequate reporting is key to ensure a transparent disclosure of the analysis and its reproducibility, thereby facilitating study result interpretation and comparability. Then, to palliate for the absence of qBRm applied on rotavirus vaccination and given the historical context in France, we developed our own qBRm. Finally, we tested a new alternative for designing and structuring qBRm applied on vaccines: the Discretely Integrated Condition Event (DICE) simulation. DICE is a standardised tool that could be used by every stakeholder. The systematic use of such common interface to qBRm could facilitate their design, analysis and comparison. Nevertheless, these areas for improvement are only a starting point, further initiatives are essential to continue the uptake of qBRm applied on vaccines, while making them more efficient, with robust and transparent results. These steps, although not exclusive, seem necessary to enhance public confidence in vaccination and improve vaccine coverage, ensuring as a result an optimal protection of population against infectious diseases.La vaccination reprĂ©sente l'un des grands succĂšs des stratĂ©gies de santĂ© publique. Cependant, depuis leur introduction, les vaccins ont fait l’objet de controverses. Des polĂ©miques mĂ©diatiques ont contribuĂ© Ă  Ă©branler la confiance que les citoyens portent dans la vaccination et les autoritĂ©s sanitaires. Une communication transparente et fondĂ©e sur une dĂ©monstration robuste du rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque des vaccins est donc nĂ©cessaire afin d’éclairer les dĂ©cisions des autoritĂ©s de santĂ© et rĂ©tablir la confiance du grand public et des professionnels de santĂ©.Les modĂšles quantitatifs pour l’évaluation du rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque (qBRm) sont de plus en plus utilisĂ©s par les parties prenantes comme outils d’aide Ă  la dĂ©cision. Ces modĂšles fournissent une structure permettant d’incorporer des donnĂ©es provenant de plusieurs sources afin de quantifier et de mettre en perspective les bĂ©nĂ©fices et les risques d’une intervention. Cependant, les autoritĂ©s de santĂ© et les laboratoires pharmaceutiques se prĂ©occupent du manque de cadre explicite et systĂ©matique. Des initiatives se dĂ©veloppent afin d’optimiser l’évaluation quantitative du rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque des produits de santĂ©. NĂ©anmoins, peu d’entre elles sont spĂ©cifiques aux vaccins.Au vu de ce contexte, ce travail de recherche avait pour vocation de proposer et de tester de nouveaux outils permettant de structurer l’évaluation quantitative du bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque des vaccins afin d’optimiser son utilisation dans l’aide Ă  la dĂ©cision des diffĂ©rentes parties prenantes.Pour cela, l’objectif de la premiĂšre partie de ce travail Ă©tait de synthĂ©tiser les donnĂ©es disponibles sur les qBRm appliquĂ©s aux vaccins afin de les analyser. L’état de l’art effectuĂ© a confirmĂ© que les qBRm Ă©taient de plus en plus utilisĂ©s pour aider Ă  l’évaluation du bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque des vaccins. Les chiffres montrent une nette augmentation du nombre de publications dans ce domaine depuis le dĂ©but des annĂ©es 2000. Un tiers des qBRm identifiĂ©s concernait la vaccination contre le rotavirus. Cependant aucune de ces Ă©tudes sur le rotavirus n’avait Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e spĂ©cifiquement pour la France. L’analyse des Ă©tudes sĂ©lectionnĂ©es a mis en Ă©vidence des divergences en termes d’approches mĂ©thodologiques utilisĂ©es et des lacunes concernant la qualitĂ© de l’information renseignĂ©e dans les Ă©tudes, rendant l’interprĂ©tation et la comparaison des modĂšles complexes.Au cours de la deuxiĂšme partie de ce travail nous nous sommes donc attachĂ©s Ă  proposer des axes d’amĂ©lioration. Tout d’abord nous avons conçu un guide pour amĂ©liorer la description des analyses afin d’apporter plus de transparence et de garantir ainsi une meilleure interprĂ©tation des rĂ©sultats sur les qBRm appliquĂ©s aux vaccins. Puis, en l’absence d’évaluation quantitative du rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque de la vaccination contre le rotavirus en France et compte tenu des interrogations existantes autour de son intĂ©rĂȘt, nous avons rĂ©alisĂ© un qBRm Ă©valuant la vaccination contre le rotavirus en France. Enfin, nous avons souhaitĂ© explorer l’utilisation d’un nouvel outil de modĂ©lisation pour le dĂ©veloppement de qBRm appliquĂ©s aux vaccins : le Discretely Integrated Condition Event (DICE). Le DICE constitue un outil standardisĂ© qui pourrait ĂȘtre utilisĂ© par toutes les parties prenantes. L’application d’une telle interface commune Ă  tous les qBRm pourrait faciliter leur conception, leur analyse et leur comparaison.Cependant, ces axes d’amĂ©lioration ne constituent qu’un point de dĂ©part des efforts nĂ©cessaires Ă  rĂ©aliser pour l’évaluation du rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque des vaccins. De nouvelles initiatives sont essentielles afin de poursuivre la gĂ©nĂ©ralisation des qBRm appliquĂ©s aux vaccins, tout en les rendant plus performants et assortis de rĂ©sultats robustes et transparents. Ces Ă©tapes semblent nĂ©cessaires pour rĂ©tablir la confiance en la vaccination et amĂ©liorer les couvertures vaccinales, assurant ainsi une protection optimale des populations face Ă  des maladies infectieuses

    Quantitative benefit-risk models applied on vaccines

    No full text
    La vaccination reprĂ©sente l'un des grands succĂšs des stratĂ©gies de santĂ© publique. Cependant, depuis leur introduction, les vaccins ont fait l’objet de controverses. Des polĂ©miques mĂ©diatiques ont contribuĂ© Ă  Ă©branler la confiance que les citoyens portent dans la vaccination et les autoritĂ©s sanitaires. Une communication transparente et fondĂ©e sur une dĂ©monstration robuste du rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque des vaccins est donc nĂ©cessaire afin d’éclairer les dĂ©cisions des autoritĂ©s de santĂ© et rĂ©tablir la confiance du grand public et des professionnels de santĂ©.Les modĂšles quantitatifs pour l’évaluation du rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque (qBRm) sont de plus en plus utilisĂ©s par les parties prenantes comme outils d’aide Ă  la dĂ©cision. Ces modĂšles fournissent une structure permettant d’incorporer des donnĂ©es provenant de plusieurs sources afin de quantifier et de mettre en perspective les bĂ©nĂ©fices et les risques d’une intervention. Cependant, les autoritĂ©s de santĂ© et les laboratoires pharmaceutiques se prĂ©occupent du manque de cadre explicite et systĂ©matique. Des initiatives se dĂ©veloppent afin d’optimiser l’évaluation quantitative du rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque des produits de santĂ©. NĂ©anmoins, peu d’entre elles sont spĂ©cifiques aux vaccins.Au vu de ce contexte, ce travail de recherche avait pour vocation de proposer et de tester de nouveaux outils permettant de structurer l’évaluation quantitative du bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque des vaccins afin d’optimiser son utilisation dans l’aide Ă  la dĂ©cision des diffĂ©rentes parties prenantes.Pour cela, l’objectif de la premiĂšre partie de ce travail Ă©tait de synthĂ©tiser les donnĂ©es disponibles sur les qBRm appliquĂ©s aux vaccins afin de les analyser. L’état de l’art effectuĂ© a confirmĂ© que les qBRm Ă©taient de plus en plus utilisĂ©s pour aider Ă  l’évaluation du bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque des vaccins. Les chiffres montrent une nette augmentation du nombre de publications dans ce domaine depuis le dĂ©but des annĂ©es 2000. Un tiers des qBRm identifiĂ©s concernait la vaccination contre le rotavirus. Cependant aucune de ces Ă©tudes sur le rotavirus n’avait Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e spĂ©cifiquement pour la France. L’analyse des Ă©tudes sĂ©lectionnĂ©es a mis en Ă©vidence des divergences en termes d’approches mĂ©thodologiques utilisĂ©es et des lacunes concernant la qualitĂ© de l’information renseignĂ©e dans les Ă©tudes, rendant l’interprĂ©tation et la comparaison des modĂšles complexes.Au cours de la deuxiĂšme partie de ce travail nous nous sommes donc attachĂ©s Ă  proposer des axes d’amĂ©lioration. Tout d’abord nous avons conçu un guide pour amĂ©liorer la description des analyses afin d’apporter plus de transparence et de garantir ainsi une meilleure interprĂ©tation des rĂ©sultats sur les qBRm appliquĂ©s aux vaccins. Puis, en l’absence d’évaluation quantitative du rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque de la vaccination contre le rotavirus en France et compte tenu des interrogations existantes autour de son intĂ©rĂȘt, nous avons rĂ©alisĂ© un qBRm Ă©valuant la vaccination contre le rotavirus en France. Enfin, nous avons souhaitĂ© explorer l’utilisation d’un nouvel outil de modĂ©lisation pour le dĂ©veloppement de qBRm appliquĂ©s aux vaccins : le Discretely Integrated Condition Event (DICE). Le DICE constitue un outil standardisĂ© qui pourrait ĂȘtre utilisĂ© par toutes les parties prenantes. L’application d’une telle interface commune Ă  tous les qBRm pourrait faciliter leur conception, leur analyse et leur comparaison.Cependant, ces axes d’amĂ©lioration ne constituent qu’un point de dĂ©part des efforts nĂ©cessaires Ă  rĂ©aliser pour l’évaluation du rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque des vaccins. De nouvelles initiatives sont essentielles afin de poursuivre la gĂ©nĂ©ralisation des qBRm appliquĂ©s aux vaccins, tout en les rendant plus performants et assortis de rĂ©sultats robustes et transparents. Ces Ă©tapes semblent nĂ©cessaires pour rĂ©tablir la confiance en la vaccination et amĂ©liorer les couvertures vaccinales, assurant ainsi une protection optimale des populations face Ă  des maladies infectieuses.Vaccination is one of the most successful public health achievements in disease prevention. However, since their introduction, vaccines have been relatively contentious. Health controversies have contributed to erode the population’s confidence in vaccination and health authorities. A transparent communication based on a robust demonstration of the benefit-risk assessment (BRA) of vaccines could be therefore necessary to inform decision-makers and restore the public’s confidence.Quantitative benefit-risk models (qBRm) applied on vaccines is an important, and increasingly used, tool to support the BRA from decision-makers. These models provide a structure for incorporating evidence from multiple sources to quantify and put into perspective the benefits and risks of an intervention. However, health authorities and pharmaceutical companies are concerned about the lack of an explicit and systematic framework. While some initiatives that aims at optimising the BRA of health products are emerging, few of them are specific to vaccines. In this context, our research aimed to propose and test new tools to structure qBRm applied on vaccines in order to optimise them use in the decision-making process from different stakeholders. The first part of this work aimed at identifying publications reporting on qBRm for vaccines through a systematic literature review and describing their study characteristics according to specific classification criteria. The analyses confirmed that the number of qBRm of vaccines publications has been increasing since 2000. One-third of the qBRm publications were related to rotavirus vaccination. However, none of these studies on rotavirus vaccination had been performed to specifically address the French context. The analysis of the selected studies revealed divergences in terms of the methodological approaches used and gaps in the granularity of information reported, making complex the interpretation and comparison of the models. In the second part of this research, we therefore endeavoured to propose areas for improvement. To start with, we designed an operational checklist to improve the reporting of qBRm applied on vaccines. Indeed, an adequate reporting is key to ensure a transparent disclosure of the analysis and its reproducibility, thereby facilitating study result interpretation and comparability. Then, to palliate for the absence of qBRm applied on rotavirus vaccination and given the historical context in France, we developed our own qBRm. Finally, we tested a new alternative for designing and structuring qBRm applied on vaccines: the Discretely Integrated Condition Event (DICE) simulation. DICE is a standardised tool that could be used by every stakeholder. The systematic use of such common interface to qBRm could facilitate their design, analysis and comparison. Nevertheless, these areas for improvement are only a starting point, further initiatives are essential to continue the uptake of qBRm applied on vaccines, while making them more efficient, with robust and transparent results. These steps, although not exclusive, seem necessary to enhance public confidence in vaccination and improve vaccine coverage, ensuring as a result an optimal protection of population against infectious diseases

    Les modĂšles quantitatifs pour l’évaluation du rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque des vaccins : Ă©tat de l’art et axes d’amĂ©lioration

    No full text
    Vaccination is one of the most successful public health achievements in disease prevention. However, since their introduction, vaccines have been relatively contentious. Health controversies have contributed to erode the population’s confidence in vaccination and health authorities. A transparent communication based on a robust demonstration of the benefit-risk assessment (BRA) of vaccines could be therefore necessary to inform decision-makers and restore the public’s confidence.Quantitative benefit-risk models (qBRm) applied on vaccines is an important, and increasingly used, tool to support the BRA from decision-makers. These models provide a structure for incorporating evidence from multiple sources to quantify and put into perspective the benefits and risks of an intervention. However, health authorities and pharmaceutical companies are concerned about the lack of an explicit and systematic framework. While some initiatives that aims at optimising the BRA of health products are emerging, few of them are specific to vaccines. In this context, our research aimed to propose and test new tools to structure qBRm applied on vaccines in order to optimise them use in the decision-making process from different stakeholders. The first part of this work aimed at identifying publications reporting on qBRm for vaccines through a systematic literature review and describing their study characteristics according to specific classification criteria. The analyses confirmed that the number of qBRm of vaccines publications has been increasing since 2000. One-third of the qBRm publications were related to rotavirus vaccination. However, none of these studies on rotavirus vaccination had been performed to specifically address the French context. The analysis of the selected studies revealed divergences in terms of the methodological approaches used and gaps in the granularity of information reported, making complex the interpretation and comparison of the models. In the second part of this research, we therefore endeavoured to propose areas for improvement. To start with, we designed an operational checklist to improve the reporting of qBRm applied on vaccines. Indeed, an adequate reporting is key to ensure a transparent disclosure of the analysis and its reproducibility, thereby facilitating study result interpretation and comparability. Then, to palliate for the absence of qBRm applied on rotavirus vaccination and given the historical context in France, we developed our own qBRm. Finally, we tested a new alternative for designing and structuring qBRm applied on vaccines: the Discretely Integrated Condition Event (DICE) simulation. DICE is a standardised tool that could be used by every stakeholder. The systematic use of such common interface to qBRm could facilitate their design, analysis and comparison. Nevertheless, these areas for improvement are only a starting point, further initiatives are essential to continue the uptake of qBRm applied on vaccines, while making them more efficient, with robust and transparent results. These steps, although not exclusive, seem necessary to enhance public confidence in vaccination and improve vaccine coverage, ensuring as a result an optimal protection of population against infectious diseases.La vaccination reprĂ©sente l'un des grands succĂšs des stratĂ©gies de santĂ© publique. Cependant, depuis leur introduction, les vaccins ont fait l’objet de controverses. Des polĂ©miques mĂ©diatiques ont contribuĂ© Ă  Ă©branler la confiance que les citoyens portent dans la vaccination et les autoritĂ©s sanitaires. Une communication transparente et fondĂ©e sur une dĂ©monstration robuste du rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque des vaccins est donc nĂ©cessaire afin d’éclairer les dĂ©cisions des autoritĂ©s de santĂ© et rĂ©tablir la confiance du grand public et des professionnels de santĂ©.Les modĂšles quantitatifs pour l’évaluation du rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque (qBRm) sont de plus en plus utilisĂ©s par les parties prenantes comme outils d’aide Ă  la dĂ©cision. Ces modĂšles fournissent une structure permettant d’incorporer des donnĂ©es provenant de plusieurs sources afin de quantifier et de mettre en perspective les bĂ©nĂ©fices et les risques d’une intervention. Cependant, les autoritĂ©s de santĂ© et les laboratoires pharmaceutiques se prĂ©occupent du manque de cadre explicite et systĂ©matique. Des initiatives se dĂ©veloppent afin d’optimiser l’évaluation quantitative du rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque des produits de santĂ©. NĂ©anmoins, peu d’entre elles sont spĂ©cifiques aux vaccins.Au vu de ce contexte, ce travail de recherche avait pour vocation de proposer et de tester de nouveaux outils permettant de structurer l’évaluation quantitative du bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque des vaccins afin d’optimiser son utilisation dans l’aide Ă  la dĂ©cision des diffĂ©rentes parties prenantes.Pour cela, l’objectif de la premiĂšre partie de ce travail Ă©tait de synthĂ©tiser les donnĂ©es disponibles sur les qBRm appliquĂ©s aux vaccins afin de les analyser. L’état de l’art effectuĂ© a confirmĂ© que les qBRm Ă©taient de plus en plus utilisĂ©s pour aider Ă  l’évaluation du bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque des vaccins. Les chiffres montrent une nette augmentation du nombre de publications dans ce domaine depuis le dĂ©but des annĂ©es 2000. Un tiers des qBRm identifiĂ©s concernait la vaccination contre le rotavirus. Cependant aucune de ces Ă©tudes sur le rotavirus n’avait Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e spĂ©cifiquement pour la France. L’analyse des Ă©tudes sĂ©lectionnĂ©es a mis en Ă©vidence des divergences en termes d’approches mĂ©thodologiques utilisĂ©es et des lacunes concernant la qualitĂ© de l’information renseignĂ©e dans les Ă©tudes, rendant l’interprĂ©tation et la comparaison des modĂšles complexes.Au cours de la deuxiĂšme partie de ce travail nous nous sommes donc attachĂ©s Ă  proposer des axes d’amĂ©lioration. Tout d’abord nous avons conçu un guide pour amĂ©liorer la description des analyses afin d’apporter plus de transparence et de garantir ainsi une meilleure interprĂ©tation des rĂ©sultats sur les qBRm appliquĂ©s aux vaccins. Puis, en l’absence d’évaluation quantitative du rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque de la vaccination contre le rotavirus en France et compte tenu des interrogations existantes autour de son intĂ©rĂȘt, nous avons rĂ©alisĂ© un qBRm Ă©valuant la vaccination contre le rotavirus en France. Enfin, nous avons souhaitĂ© explorer l’utilisation d’un nouvel outil de modĂ©lisation pour le dĂ©veloppement de qBRm appliquĂ©s aux vaccins : le Discretely Integrated Condition Event (DICE). Le DICE constitue un outil standardisĂ© qui pourrait ĂȘtre utilisĂ© par toutes les parties prenantes. L’application d’une telle interface commune Ă  tous les qBRm pourrait faciliter leur conception, leur analyse et leur comparaison.Cependant, ces axes d’amĂ©lioration ne constituent qu’un point de dĂ©part des efforts nĂ©cessaires Ă  rĂ©aliser pour l’évaluation du rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque des vaccins. De nouvelles initiatives sont essentielles afin de poursuivre la gĂ©nĂ©ralisation des qBRm appliquĂ©s aux vaccins, tout en les rendant plus performants et assortis de rĂ©sultats robustes et transparents. Ces Ă©tapes semblent nĂ©cessaires pour rĂ©tablir la confiance en la vaccination et amĂ©liorer les couvertures vaccinales, assurant ainsi une protection optimale des populations face Ă  des maladies infectieuses

    Quantitative benefit-risk models applied on vaccines

    No full text
    La vaccination reprĂ©sente l'un des grands succĂšs des stratĂ©gies de santĂ© publique. Cependant, depuis leur introduction, les vaccins ont fait l’objet de controverses. Des polĂ©miques mĂ©diatiques ont contribuĂ© Ă  Ă©branler la confiance que les citoyens portent dans la vaccination et les autoritĂ©s sanitaires. Une communication transparente et fondĂ©e sur une dĂ©monstration robuste du rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque des vaccins est donc nĂ©cessaire afin d’éclairer les dĂ©cisions des autoritĂ©s de santĂ© et rĂ©tablir la confiance du grand public et des professionnels de santĂ©.Les modĂšles quantitatifs pour l’évaluation du rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque (qBRm) sont de plus en plus utilisĂ©s par les parties prenantes comme outils d’aide Ă  la dĂ©cision. Ces modĂšles fournissent une structure permettant d’incorporer des donnĂ©es provenant de plusieurs sources afin de quantifier et de mettre en perspective les bĂ©nĂ©fices et les risques d’une intervention. Cependant, les autoritĂ©s de santĂ© et les laboratoires pharmaceutiques se prĂ©occupent du manque de cadre explicite et systĂ©matique. Des initiatives se dĂ©veloppent afin d’optimiser l’évaluation quantitative du rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque des produits de santĂ©. NĂ©anmoins, peu d’entre elles sont spĂ©cifiques aux vaccins.Au vu de ce contexte, ce travail de recherche avait pour vocation de proposer et de tester de nouveaux outils permettant de structurer l’évaluation quantitative du bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque des vaccins afin d’optimiser son utilisation dans l’aide Ă  la dĂ©cision des diffĂ©rentes parties prenantes.Pour cela, l’objectif de la premiĂšre partie de ce travail Ă©tait de synthĂ©tiser les donnĂ©es disponibles sur les qBRm appliquĂ©s aux vaccins afin de les analyser. L’état de l’art effectuĂ© a confirmĂ© que les qBRm Ă©taient de plus en plus utilisĂ©s pour aider Ă  l’évaluation du bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque des vaccins. Les chiffres montrent une nette augmentation du nombre de publications dans ce domaine depuis le dĂ©but des annĂ©es 2000. Un tiers des qBRm identifiĂ©s concernait la vaccination contre le rotavirus. Cependant aucune de ces Ă©tudes sur le rotavirus n’avait Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e spĂ©cifiquement pour la France. L’analyse des Ă©tudes sĂ©lectionnĂ©es a mis en Ă©vidence des divergences en termes d’approches mĂ©thodologiques utilisĂ©es et des lacunes concernant la qualitĂ© de l’information renseignĂ©e dans les Ă©tudes, rendant l’interprĂ©tation et la comparaison des modĂšles complexes.Au cours de la deuxiĂšme partie de ce travail nous nous sommes donc attachĂ©s Ă  proposer des axes d’amĂ©lioration. Tout d’abord nous avons conçu un guide pour amĂ©liorer la description des analyses afin d’apporter plus de transparence et de garantir ainsi une meilleure interprĂ©tation des rĂ©sultats sur les qBRm appliquĂ©s aux vaccins. Puis, en l’absence d’évaluation quantitative du rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque de la vaccination contre le rotavirus en France et compte tenu des interrogations existantes autour de son intĂ©rĂȘt, nous avons rĂ©alisĂ© un qBRm Ă©valuant la vaccination contre le rotavirus en France. Enfin, nous avons souhaitĂ© explorer l’utilisation d’un nouvel outil de modĂ©lisation pour le dĂ©veloppement de qBRm appliquĂ©s aux vaccins : le Discretely Integrated Condition Event (DICE). Le DICE constitue un outil standardisĂ© qui pourrait ĂȘtre utilisĂ© par toutes les parties prenantes. L’application d’une telle interface commune Ă  tous les qBRm pourrait faciliter leur conception, leur analyse et leur comparaison.Cependant, ces axes d’amĂ©lioration ne constituent qu’un point de dĂ©part des efforts nĂ©cessaires Ă  rĂ©aliser pour l’évaluation du rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-risque des vaccins. De nouvelles initiatives sont essentielles afin de poursuivre la gĂ©nĂ©ralisation des qBRm appliquĂ©s aux vaccins, tout en les rendant plus performants et assortis de rĂ©sultats robustes et transparents. Ces Ă©tapes semblent nĂ©cessaires pour rĂ©tablir la confiance en la vaccination et amĂ©liorer les couvertures vaccinales, assurant ainsi une protection optimale des populations face Ă  des maladies infectieuses.Vaccination is one of the most successful public health achievements in disease prevention. However, since their introduction, vaccines have been relatively contentious. Health controversies have contributed to erode the population’s confidence in vaccination and health authorities. A transparent communication based on a robust demonstration of the benefit-risk assessment (BRA) of vaccines could be therefore necessary to inform decision-makers and restore the public’s confidence.Quantitative benefit-risk models (qBRm) applied on vaccines is an important, and increasingly used, tool to support the BRA from decision-makers. These models provide a structure for incorporating evidence from multiple sources to quantify and put into perspective the benefits and risks of an intervention. However, health authorities and pharmaceutical companies are concerned about the lack of an explicit and systematic framework. While some initiatives that aims at optimising the BRA of health products are emerging, few of them are specific to vaccines. In this context, our research aimed to propose and test new tools to structure qBRm applied on vaccines in order to optimise them use in the decision-making process from different stakeholders. The first part of this work aimed at identifying publications reporting on qBRm for vaccines through a systematic literature review and describing their study characteristics according to specific classification criteria. The analyses confirmed that the number of qBRm of vaccines publications has been increasing since 2000. One-third of the qBRm publications were related to rotavirus vaccination. However, none of these studies on rotavirus vaccination had been performed to specifically address the French context. The analysis of the selected studies revealed divergences in terms of the methodological approaches used and gaps in the granularity of information reported, making complex the interpretation and comparison of the models. In the second part of this research, we therefore endeavoured to propose areas for improvement. To start with, we designed an operational checklist to improve the reporting of qBRm applied on vaccines. Indeed, an adequate reporting is key to ensure a transparent disclosure of the analysis and its reproducibility, thereby facilitating study result interpretation and comparability. Then, to palliate for the absence of qBRm applied on rotavirus vaccination and given the historical context in France, we developed our own qBRm. Finally, we tested a new alternative for designing and structuring qBRm applied on vaccines: the Discretely Integrated Condition Event (DICE) simulation. DICE is a standardised tool that could be used by every stakeholder. The systematic use of such common interface to qBRm could facilitate their design, analysis and comparison. Nevertheless, these areas for improvement are only a starting point, further initiatives are essential to continue the uptake of qBRm applied on vaccines, while making them more efficient, with robust and transparent results. These steps, although not exclusive, seem necessary to enhance public confidence in vaccination and improve vaccine coverage, ensuring as a result an optimal protection of population against infectious diseases

    Open Forum Infect Dis

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    Background Although rotavirus vaccines have proven to prevent the risk of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) in children under 5 years old, they are also associated with an increased transient risk of intussusception (IS). Several quantitative benefit-risk models (qBRm) are performed to measure this balance in hospitalizations and deaths prevented versus the ones induced. Method In this study, our objective was to provide a complete overview of qBRm used for rotavirus vaccination. We systematically searched 3 medical literature databases to identify relevant articles, in English, that were published between 2006 and 2019. Results Of the 276 publications screened, 14 studies using qBRm for rotavirus vaccination were retained, based on preselected criteria. Four were performed in low- and middle-income countries. Almost all (13 of 14) displayed the following characteristics: force of infection assumed to be constant over time (static model), indirect effect of rotavirus vaccination (herd effect) not considered, closed model (individuals not allowed to enter and/or exit the model over time), and aggregated level (no tracking of individual’s behavior). Most of the models were probabilistic (9 of 14) and reported sensitivity and/or scenario analyses (12 of 14). Input parameter values varied across studies. Selected studies suggest that, depending on the models used, for every IS hospitalization and death induced, vaccination would prevent, respectively, 190–1624 and 71–743 RVGE-related hospitalizations and deaths. Conclusions The benefits of rotavirus vaccination were shown to largely exceed the increased risk of IS, across all studies. Future research aiming to harmonize qBRm for rotavirus vaccination should ensure the comparability of studies and provide additional information for regulatory authorities, physicians, and patients

    First-Line Biologic Therapy and Obesity in Moderate-to-Severe Psoriasis: Results from the Prospective Multicenter Cohort Psobioteq

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    International audienceBackground - Obesity is associated with an increased risk of psoriasis. Objective - In this study, we examined whether body mass index (BMI) is taken into account when choosing first-line biologic therapy for psoriasis. Methods - In this cohort study, we compared obese (BMI ≄30 kg/m2) and non-obese patients for the first-line biologic therapy prescribed, its survival, reasons for discontinuation, therapy optimization, co-prescription of methotrexate and factors associated with long drug survival. Results - A total of 931 patients were included: 594 (64%) were male, median age was 46 years (interquartile range 36-56). The most-prescribed biologic agents as first-line treatment were adalimumab (ADA; 42.7%), ustekinumab (UST; 29.9%) and etanercept (ETA; 22.9%); only frequency of infliximab (IFX) prescription differed between groups. Drug survival was significantly shorter for obese than non-obese patients (p < 2.10-4) and was worse for obese than non-obese patients for UST (p = 0.009) and ETA (p = 0.02), with no difference for ADA (p = 0.11). The main reason for discontinuation was primary inefficacy (62%), which was more frequent in obese than non-obese patients. The cumulative incidence of optimization did not significantly differ between the groups, except for ADA (SHR 1.91, 95% CI [1.23-2.96], p = 0.005). On multivariate analysis, risk of discontinuation was associated with only ETA as first-line biologic therapy (HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.04-2.19). Conclusion - This study highlighted the lack of difference in prescription of first-line biologic treatment, except for IFX, between obese and non-obese patients presenting moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Drug survival in obese patients is shorter, mainly because of inefficacy, than in non-obese patients. This highlights the need for targeted pharmacological studies in obese individuals to find optimal administration schemes

    Clinical features, therapeutic choice and response by phototype in psoriasis: analysis of the French PsoBioTeq cohort

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    International audienceBACKGROUND: Little is known about phototype and the response to systemic treatment in psoriasis. OBJECTIVE: To assess the characteristics of psoriasis, the therapeutic choice and its efficacy according to phototype. METHODS: We included patients from the PsoBioTeq cohort initiating a first biologic. Patients were classified according to their phototype. The evaluation included disease characteristics, choice of the initial biologic and therapeutic response at 12 months based on PASI 90 and DLQI 0/1. RESULTS: Of the 1400 patients included, 423 (30.2%), 904 (64.6%) and 73 (5.2%) were in the phototype I-II, III-IV and V-VI groups, respectively. The V-VI group had a higher initial DLQI, more frequently initiated ustekinumab. Patients in the phototype V-VI group maintained the first sequence of biologic as the other phototype groups, even though the proportion of patients reaching the PASI 90 and DLQI 0/1 at 12 months was lower in this group than other groups. CONCLUSION: Patient phototype seems associated with quality of life and choice of the initial biologic in psoriasis. Phototype V-VI group less frequently switched treatments than did the other groups when the response was not efficient
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