7 research outputs found
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Roadmap on energy harvesting materials
Funder: Fundação para a Ciência e TecnologiaFunder: BIDEKO ProjectFunder: MCIN/AEIFunder: Spanish State Research Agency (AEI)Funder: Basic Science Research ProgramFunder: Ministry of Education; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002701Funder: Swedish Knowledge FoundationFunder: University of Calgary; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100008459Funder: National Renewable Energy Laboratory; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100006233Funder: Fonds de recherche du Québec – Nature et technologies; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003151Funder: Canada Research Chairs programFunder: EUFunder: National Research Foundation of Korea; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003725Funder: NRFFunder: Priority Research Centers ProgramFunder: European regional development fund (ERDF)Funder: European Research Council (ERC)Funder: ERCFunder: Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLCFunder: MIURFunder: Italian MinistryFunder: the Cardiff University, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research CouncilFunder: JST Mirai ProgramFunder: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)Funder: A*STARFunder: JSTFunder: PRESTOFunder: Aerospace ProgrammeFunder: EBFunder: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and TechnologyFunder: Laboratory-Directed Research and Development (LDRD)Funder: Sandia, LLCFunder: the Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy SciencesFunder: United States GovernmentFunder: Honeywell International Inc.Funder: The Leverhulme TrustFunder: Royal Academy of Engineering; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000287Funder: Office of the Chief Science Adviser for National SecurityFunder: Henry Samueli School of Engineering & Applied ScienceFunder: Department of Bioengineering at the University of California, Los AngelesFunder: CRESTFunder: Beijing Forestry University; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100012138Funder: Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)Funder: the Australian Research Council, QUTFunder: Center for Hierarchical Materials DesignFunder: Austrian Christian Doppler Laboratory for ThermoelectricityFunder: HBIS-UQ Innovation Centre for Sustainable SteelAbstract
Ambient energy harvesting has great potential to contribute to sustainable development and address growing environmental challenges. Converting waste energy from energy-intensive processes and systems (e.g. combustion engines and furnaces) is crucial to reducing their environmental impact and achieving net-zero emissions. Compact energy harvesters will also be key to powering the exponentially growing smart devices ecosystem that is part of the Internet of Things, thus enabling futuristic applications that can improve our quality of life (e.g. smart homes, smart cities, smart manufacturing, and smart healthcare). To achieve these goals, innovative materials are needed to efficiently convert ambient energy into electricity through various physical mechanisms, such as the photovoltaic effect, thermoelectricity, piezoelectricity, triboelectricity, and radiofrequency wireless power transfer. By bringing together the perspectives of experts in various types of energy harvesting materials, this Roadmap provides extensive insights into recent advances and present challenges in the field. Additionally, the Roadmap analyses the key performance metrics of these technologies in relation to their ultimate energy conversion limits. Building on these insights, the Roadmap outlines promising directions for future research to fully harness the potential of energy harvesting materials for green energy anytime, anywhere.</jats:p
Mortality after surgery in Europe: a 7 day cohort study
Background: Clinical outcomes after major surgery are poorly described at the national level. Evidence of heterogeneity between hospitals and health-care systems suggests potential to improve care for patients but this potential remains unconfirmed. The European Surgical Outcomes Study was an international study designed to assess outcomes after non-cardiac surgery in Europe.Methods: We did this 7 day cohort study between April 4 and April 11, 2011. We collected data describing consecutive patients aged 16 years and older undergoing inpatient non-cardiac surgery in 498 hospitals across 28 European nations. Patients were followed up for a maximum of 60 days. The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcome measures were duration of hospital stay and admission to critical care. We used χ² and Fisher’s exact tests to compare categorical variables and the t test or the Mann-Whitney U test to compare continuous variables. Significance was set at p<0·05. We constructed multilevel logistic regression models to adjust for the differences in mortality rates between countries.Findings: We included 46 539 patients, of whom 1855 (4%) died before hospital discharge. 3599 (8%) patients were admitted to critical care after surgery with a median length of stay of 1·2 days (IQR 0·9–3·6). 1358 (73%) patients who died were not admitted to critical care at any stage after surgery. Crude mortality rates varied widely between countries (from 1·2% [95% CI 0·0–3·0] for Iceland to 21·5% [16·9–26·2] for Latvia). After adjustment for confounding variables, important differences remained between countries when compared with the UK, the country with the largest dataset (OR range from 0·44 [95% CI 0·19 1·05; p=0·06] for Finland to 6·92 [2·37–20·27; p=0·0004] for Poland).Interpretation: The mortality rate for patients undergoing inpatient non-cardiac surgery was higher than anticipated. Variations in mortality between countries suggest the need for national and international strategies to improve care for this group of patients.Funding: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, European Society of Anaesthesiology