Effect of organic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) extract on the genotoxicity of doxorubicin in the Drosophila wing spot test

The consumption of organic tomatoes (ORTs) reduces the risk of harmful effects to humans and the environment caused by exposure to toxic agrochemicals. In this study, we used the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) of wing spots in Drosophila melanogaster to evaluate the genotoxicity of ORT and the effect of cotreatment with ORT on the genotoxicity of Doxorubicin® (DXR, a cancer chemotherapeutic agent) that is mediated by free radical formation. Standard (ST) cross larvae were treated chronically with solutions containing 25%, 50% or 100% of an aqueous extract of ORT, in the absence and presence of DXR (0.125 mg/mL), and the number of mutant spots on the wings of emergent flies was counted. ORT alone was not genotoxic but enhanced the toxicity of DXR when administered concomitantly with DXR. The ORT-enhanced frequency of spots induced by DXR may have resulted from the interaction of ORT with the enzymatic systems that catalyze the metabolic detoxification of this drug

Comparative Study Of β-carotene And Microencapsulated β-carotene: Evaluation Of Their Genotoxic And Antigenotoxic Effects

β-Carotene (BC) is one of the natural pigments that is most commonly added to food; however, the utilization of BC is limited due to its instability. Microencapsulation techniques are commonly used because they can protect the microencapsulated material from oxidization. Nevertheless, the properties of the encapsulated compounds must be studied. We compared the antigenotoxic potential of pure and microencapsulated β-carotene (mBC) in Wistar rats. Two doses of BC or mBC (2.5 or 5.0. mg/kg) were administered by gavage over a period of 14. days. The final gavage was followed by an injection of doxorubicin (DXR). After 24. h the animals were euthanized. The micronucleus test results showed that when both mBC and DXR were given, only the higher dose was antigenotoxic. The results of the comet assay show that when given in association with DXR, mBC had protective effects in the liver. The differences between the results obtained with BC and mBC suggest that possibly the carotenoid biodisponibility was modified by the process of microencapsulation. In conclusion, mBC does not lose its protective properties, but higher doses must be used to observe antigenotoxic effects. This is the first time that the genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of a microencapsulated compound was evaluated in vivo. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.50514181424Agarwal, S., Rao, A.V., Carotenoids and chronic diseases (2000) Drug Metabol. Drug Interact., 17, pp. 189-210Alija, A.J., Bresgen, N., Sommerburg, O., Siems, W., Eckl, P.M., Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of beta-carotene breakdown products on primary rat hepatocytes (2004) Carcinogenesis, 25, pp. 827-831Arriaga-Alba, M., Rivera-Sanchez, R., Parra-Cervantes, G., Barro-Moreno, F., Flores-Paz, R., Garcia-Jimenez, E., Antimutagenesis of beta-carotene to mutations induced by quinolone on Salmonella typhimurium (2000) Arch. Med. 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Evaluation Of The Genotoxic And Antigenotoxic Effects After Acute And Subacute Treatments With Açai Pulp (euterpe Oleracea Mart.) On Mice Using The Erythrocytes Micronucleus Test And The Comet Assay

Açai, the fruit of a palm native to the Amazonian basin, is widely distributed in northern South America, where it has considerable economic importance. Whereas individual polyphenolics compounds in açai have been extensively evaluated, studies of the intact fruit and its biological properties are lacking. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the . in vivo genotoxicity of açai and its possible antigenotoxicity on doxorubicin (DXR)-induced DNA damage. The açai pulp doses selected were 3.33, 10.0 and 16.67. g/kg b.w. administered by gavage alone or prior to DXR (16. mg/kg b.w.) administered by intraperitoneal injection. Swiss albino mice were distributed in eight groups for acute treatment with açai pulp (24. h) and eight groups for subacute treatment (daily for 14 consecutive days) before euthanasia. The negative control groups were treated in a similar way. The results of chemical analysis suggested the presence of carotenoids, anthocyanins, phenolic, and flavonoids in açai pulp. The endpoints analyzed were micronucleus induction in bone marrow and peripheral blood cells polychromatic erythrocytes, and DNA damage in peripheral blood, liver and kidney cells assessed using the alkaline (pH >13) comet assay. There were no statistically significant differences (. p>. 0.05) between the negative control and the groups treated with the three doses of açai pulp alone in all endpoints analyzed, demonstrating the absence of genotoxic effects. The protective effects of açai pulp were observed in both acute and subacute treatments, when administered prior to DXR. In general, subacute treatment provided greater efficiency in protecting against DXR-induced DNA damage in liver and kidney cells. These protective effects can be explained as the result of the phytochemicals present in açai pulp. 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Diet Carotenoid Lutein Modulates The Expression Of Genes Related To Oxygen Transporters And Decreases Dna Damage And Oxidative Stress In Mice

Lutein (LT) is a carotenoid obtained by diet and despite its antioxidant activity had been biochemically reported, few studies are available concerning its influence on the expression of antioxidant genes. The expression of 84 genes implicated in antioxidant defense was quantified using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction array. DNA damage was measured by comet assay and glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were quantified as biochemical parameters of oxidative stress in mouse kidney and liver. cDDP treatment reduced concentration of GSH and increased TBARS, parameters that were ameliorated in treatment associated with LT. cDDP altered the expression of 32 genes, increasing the expression of GPx2, APC, Nqo1 and CCs. LT changed the expression of 37 genes with an induction of 13 mainly oxygen transporters. In treatments associating cDDP and LT, 30 genes had their expression changed with a increase of the same genes of the cDDP treatment alone. These results suggest that LT might act scavenging reactive species and also inducing the expression of genes related to a better antioxidant response, highlighting the improvement of oxygen transport. This improved redox state of the cell through LT treatment could be related to the antigenotoxic and antioxidant effects observed. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.70205213Anderson, D., Yu, T.W., Phillips, B.J., Schmezer, P., The effect of various antioxidants and other modifying agents on oxygen-radical-generated DNA damage in human lymphocytes in the COMET assay (1994) Mutat. 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Evaluation Of The Antihypertensive Properties Of Yellow Passion Fruit Pulp (passiflora Edulis Sims F. Flavicarpa Deg.) In Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Various species of the genus Passiflora have been extensively used in traditional medicine as sedatives, anxiolytics, diuretics and analgesics. In the present study, after the identification and quantification of phytochemical compounds from yellow passion fruit pulp by liquid chromatography-photodiode array-mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-MS/MS), its antihypertensive effect was investigated on spontaneously hypertensive rats. Additionally, the renal function, evaluated by kidney/body weight, serum creatinine, proteinuria, urinary flow, reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and mutagenicity in bone marrow cells were assessed to evaluate the safety of passion fruit consumption. Yellow passion fruit pulp (5, 6 or 8 g/kg b.w.) was administered by gavage once a day for 5 consecutive days. HLPC-PDA-MS/MS analysis revealed that yellow passion fruit pulp contains phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, carotenoids and flavonoids. The highest dose of passion fruit pulp significantly reduced the systolic blood pressure, increased the GSH levels and decreased TBARS. There were no changes in renal function parameters or the frequency of micronuclei in bone marrow cells. In conclusion, the antihypertensive effect of yellow passion fruit pulp, at least in part, might be due to the enhancement of the antioxidant status. The exact mechanisms responsible by this effect need further investigation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.2812832Appel, K., Rose, T., Fiebich, B., Kammler, T., Hoffmann, C., Weiss, G., Modulation of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system by Passiflora incarnata L (2011) Phytother. Res., 25, pp. 838-843Biswas, S.K., De Faria, J.B.L., Which comes first: Renal inflammation or oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats? (2007) Free Radic. Res., 41, pp. 216-224Boeira, J.M., Fenner, R., Betti, A.H., Toxicity and genotoxicity evaluation of Passiflora alata Curtis (Passifloraceae) (2010) J. 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Some aspects of protocol design including repeated treatments, integration with toxicity testing, and automated scoring (2000) Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 35, pp. 234-252Houston, M.C., The role of cellular micronutrient analysis, nutraceuticals, vitamins, antioxidants and minerals in the prevention and treatment of hypertension and cardiovascular disease (2010) Ther. Adv. Cardiovasc. Dis., 4, pp. 165-183Ichimura, T., Yamanaka, A., Ichiba, T., Antihypertensive effect of an extract of Passiflora edulis rind in spontaneously hypertensive rats (2006) Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 70, pp. 718-721Kizhakekuttu, T.J., Widlansky, M.E., Natural antioxidants and hypertension: Promise and challenges (2010) Cardiovasc. Ther., 28, pp. e20-e32MacGregor, J.T., Heddle, J.A., Hite, M., Guidelines for the conduct of micronucleus assays in mammalian bone-marrow erythrocytes (1987) Mutat. 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Res., 20, pp. 348-351Rodrigo, R., Gil, D., Miranda-Merchak, A., Kalantzidis, G., Antihypertensive role of polyphenols (2012) Adv. Clin. Chem., 58, pp. 225-254Sdlak, J., Lindsay, R.H., Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman's reagent (1968) Anal. Biochem., 24, pp. 192-205Singleton, V.L., Rossi, Jr.J.A., Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents (1965) Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 16, pp. 144-158De Souza, M.D.S., Barbalho, S.M., Damasceno, D.C., Effects of Passiflora edulis (Yellow Passion) on Serum Lipids and Oxidative Stress Status of Wistar Rats (2012) J. Med. Food, 15, pp. 78-82Uchiyama, M., Mihara, M., Determination of malonaldehyde precursor in tissues by thiobarbituric acid test (1978) Anal. Biochem., 86, pp. 271-278Vasdev, S., Ford, C.A., Parai, S., Longerich, L., Gadag, V., Dietary vitamin C supplementation lowers blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (2001) Mol. Cell. 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In Vivo Assessment Of The Cytotoxic, Genotoxic And Antigenotoxic Potential Of Maná-cubiu (solanum Sessiliflorum Dunal) Fruit

Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal is a native shrub often found in the Amazon Forest. Its fruits, known as maná-cubiu, possess an unusual flavor and are consumed in salads and juices, mainly by the local community of Northern Brazil. Because these fruits are used in traditional medicine as hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic agents, it is important to establish whether the consumption of maná-cubiu is safe using in vivo genotoxicity tests. Here, we investigated the genotoxic and antigenotoxic potential of maná-cubiu for doxorubicin (DXR)-induced DNA damage using the micronucleus test and the comet assay in Wistar rats. Moreover, oxidative stress parameters were determined in the heart and liver of the animals by measuring the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), a biomarker of lipid peroxidation, and reduced glutathione (GSH) content. The relative expression of Ptgs2 mRNA in the livers of the animals was also determined. The tests were performed with maná-cubiu pulp (125, 250, 375 or 500. mg/kg body weight - b.w.) by gavage for 14. days, followed by intraperitoneal injection of saline or DXR (16. mg/kg b.w.) immediately after the last gavage, which occurred 24. h before euthanasia. The results showed that maná-cubiu at all tested doses had no cytotoxic effects on bone marrow cells and was not genotoxic to heart or liver cells. In addition, maná-cubiu treatments decreased DXR-induced DNA damage according to the comet assay in heart and liver cells. Reductions in micronucleus frequency in peripheral blood cells occurred at 125, 250 and 375. mg/kg b.w. doses of maná-cubiu, and the TBARS content induced by DXR was also reduced by maná-cubiu. Furthermore, maná-cubiu did not modulate the transcription of the Ptgs2 gene. In conclusion, maná-cubiu pulp fruit was not cytotoxic or genotoxic in Wistar rats, suggesting its safety for human consumption, at least considering genotoxic effects. 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