FRAMEWORK OF INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATORS OF KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND THE ROLE OF PERSONALITY ATTRIBUTES – A CASE OF PETRONAS TRAINING INSTITUTES

Knowledge Management initiatives cannot be successful unless knowledge sharing is ubiquitous in the organization. As individual is the primary source of knowledge, a prevalent knowledge sharing is inconceivable without individual’s motivation to share his knowledge. Hence it becomes imperative to understand what motivates individuals to share their valuable knowledge. Intrinsic and extrinsic are the two fundamental kinds of motivation and without understanding the combine effect of them, it is not possible to fully comprehend individual’s knowledge sharing motivation. Currently, there is a lack of research work which attempts to understand knowledge sharing from both motivational perspectives. Apart from extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, individual differences are one of the most challenging issues facing modern day managers. The literary work in this area is also considered scarce. Hence the aim of this study is to provide a framework of extrinsic and intrinsic motivators of knowledge sharing and to analyze individual differences in knowledge sharing based on demographic variables. For this purpose, a framework is proposed which incorporates extrinsic rewards, Organization Citizenship Behavior (OCB) and demographic variables in the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). The study has used training institutes of Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS), namely PERMATA, ALAM and INSTEP, as a case. PETRONAS, one of the largest Oil and Gas Company in Malaysia, has embarked upon Knowledge Management initiatives. To make these initiatives successful, the organization is keen to undertake timely and veracious measures to flourish knowledge sharing in all the divisions of the organization. One of the major reasons to choose PETRONAS training institutes is the usage and involvement of IT in these training institutes. The trainers and facilitators at these training institutes, who are the target respondents of the study, use IT tools for knowledge sharing, provide IT training and share their IT related knowledge with each other. This study also measures knowledge sharing using IT tools as well as sharing IT related knowledge. The proposed framework will overcome the research gaps in the literature by reanalyzing the impact of extrinsic rewards, OCB and demographic variables on knowledge sharing. To test six major and in total nineteen hypotheses, the questionnaire method was used to gather data from the trainers and facilitators at PETRONAS training institutes. The data was analyzed by using multi-regression technique. The results have shown that intrinsic motivation, represented by OCB in this study, is one of the strongest motivating factors for knowledge sharing behavior, whereas the effect of extrinsic motivation, represented by extrinsic rewards, on individual’s knowledge sharing intention is moderate. The results have also shown that individuals differ in manifesting their knowledge sharing intention into behavior based on their gender and education level, whereas there is no difference among individuals with different experience level in manifesting their knowledge sharing intention into behavior. The study will help to understand individual’s knowledge sharing motivation from intrinsic as well as extrinsic motivational perspectives and at the same time individual differences in knowledge sharing behavior. The study will also help the theorists and practitioners, especially at training institutes of PETRONAS, to develop strategies to foster knowledge sharing in their respective organizations. Keywords: Knowledge sharing, Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), extrinsic rewards, Organization Citizenship Behavior (OCB), Demographic variable

FRAMEWORK OF INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATORS OF KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND THE ROLE OF PERSONALITY ATTRIBUTES – A CASE OF PETRONAS TRAINING INSTITUTES

Knowledge Management initiatives cannot be successful unless knowledge sharing is ubiquitous in the organization. As individual is the primary source of knowledge, a prevalent knowledge sharing is inconceivable without individual’s motivation to share his knowledge. Hence it becomes imperative to understand what motivates individuals to share their valuable knowledge. Intrinsic and extrinsic are the two fundamental kinds of motivation and without understanding the combine effect of them, it is not possible to fully comprehend individual’s knowledge sharing motivation. Currently, there is a lack of research work which attempts to understand knowledge sharing from both motivational perspectives. Apart from extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, individual differences are one of the most challenging issues facing modern day managers. The literary work in this area is also considered scarce. Hence the aim of this study is to provide a framework of extrinsic and intrinsic motivators of knowledge sharing and to analyze individual differences in knowledge sharing based on demographic variables. For this purpose, a framework is proposed which incorporates extrinsic rewards, Organization Citizenship Behavior (OCB) and demographic variables in the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). The study has used training institutes of Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS), namely PERMATA, ALAM and INSTEP, as a case. PETRONAS, one of the largest Oil and Gas Company in Malaysia, has embarked upon Knowledge Management initiatives. To make these initiatives successful, the organization is keen to undertake timely and veracious measures to flourish knowledge sharing in all the divisions of the organization. One of the major reasons to choose PETRONAS training institutes is the usage and involvement of IT in these training institutes. The trainers and facilitators at these training institutes, who are the target respondents of the study, use IT tools for knowledge sharing, provide IT training and share their IT related knowledge with each other. This study also measures knowledge sharing using IT tools as well as sharing IT related knowledge. The proposed framework will overcome the research gaps in the literature by reanalyzing the impact of extrinsic rewards, OCB and demographic variables on knowledge sharing. To test six major and in total nineteen hypotheses, the questionnaire method was used to gather data from the trainers and facilitators at PETRONAS training institutes. The data was analyzed by using multi-regression technique. The results have shown that intrinsic motivation, represented by OCB in this study, is one of the strongest motivating factors for knowledge sharing behavior, whereas the effect of extrinsic motivation, represented by extrinsic rewards, on individual’s knowledge sharing intention is moderate. The results have also shown that individuals differ in manifesting their knowledge sharing intention into behavior based on their gender and education level, whereas there is no difference among individuals with different experience level in manifesting their knowledge sharing intention into behavior. The study will help to understand individual’s knowledge sharing motivation from intrinsic as well as extrinsic motivational perspectives and at the same time individual differences in knowledge sharing behavior. The study will also help the theorists and practitioners, especially at training institutes of PETRONAS, to develop strategies to foster knowledge sharing in their respective organizations. Keywords: Knowledge sharing, Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), extrinsic rewards, Organization Citizenship Behavior (OCB), Demographic variable

Brain Behavior in Learning and Memory Recall Process: A High-Resolution EEG Analysis

Learning is a cognitive process, which leads to create new memory. Today, multimedia contents are common-ly used in classroom for learning. This study investigated brain physiological behavior during learning and memory process using multimedia contents and Electroencephalogram (EEG) method. Fifteen healthy subjects voluntarily participated and performed three experimental tasks: i) Intelligence task, ii) learning task, and iii) recall task. EEG was recorded duration learning and memory recall task using 128 channels Hydro Cel Geodesic Net system (EGI Inc., USA) with recommended specifications. EEG source localization showed that deep brain medial temporal region was highly activated during learning task. EEG theta band in frontal and parietal regions and gamma band at left posterior temporal and frontal regions differentiated successful memory recall. This study provides additional understanding of successful memory recall that complements earlier brain mapping studies

Single-trial extraction of event-related potentials (ERPs) and classification of visual stimuli by ensemble use of discrete wavelet transform with Huffman coding and machine learning techniques

BackgroundPresentation of visual stimuli can induce changes in EEG signals that are typically detectable by averaging together data from multiple trials for individual participant analysis as well as for groups or conditions analysis of multiple participants. This study proposes a new method based on the discrete wavelet transform with Huffman coding and machine learning for single-trial analysis of evenal (ERPs) and classification of different visual events in the visual object detection task.MethodsEEG single trials are decomposed with discrete wavelet transform (DWT) up to the level of decomposition using a biorthogonal B-spline wavelet. The coefficients of DWT in each trial are thresholded to discard sparse wavelet coefficients, while the quality of the signal is well maintained. The remaining optimum coefficients in each trial are encoded into bitstreams using Huffman coding, and the codewords are represented as a feature of the ERP signal. The performance of this method is tested with real visual ERPs of sixty-eight subjects.ResultsThe proposed method significantly discards the spontaneous EEG activity, extracts the single-trial visual ERPs, represents the ERP waveform into a compact bitstream as a feature, and achieves promising results in classifying the visual objects with classification performance metrics: accuracies 93.60, sensitivities 93.55, specificities 94.85, precisions 92.50, and area under the curve (AUC) 0.93 using SVM and k-NN machine learning classifiers.ConclusionThe proposed method suggests that the joint use of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) with Huffman coding has the potential to efficiently extract ERPs from background EEG for studying evoked responses in single-trial ERPs and classifying visual stimuli. The proposed approach has O(N) time complexity and could be implemented in real-time systems, such as the brain-computer interface (BCI), where fast detection of mental events is desired to smoothly operate a machine with minds

Performance evaluation of induced mutant lines of black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)

Article Details: Received: 2020-01-12      |      Accepted: 2020-03-02      |      Available online: 2020-06-30https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.02.70-77 Present investigation was carried out to explore the possibility of inducing genetic variability for yield and yield contributing traits in well-adapted variety PU-19 of black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) following mutagenesis with methyl methane sulfonate (MMS), sodium azide (SA) and hydrazine hydrate (HZ). A considerable increase in mean values for fertile branches per plant, pods per plant and total plant yield was noticed among the mutant lines in M4 and M5 generations. Estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield components were also recorded to be higher compared to control. MMS followed by SA and HZ showed highest mutagenic potential for improving total plant yield of black gram var. PU-19. Treatment concentration 0.3% was found to be most effective in generating significant increase in total plant yield of black gram var. PU-19. The increased genetic variability for yield and yield components indicates the ample scope of selection for superior mutants in subsequent generations due to preponderance of additive gene action.Keywords: black gram, mutagenesis, chemical mutagens, genetic variability, yield componentsReferences AHLOOWALIA, B., MALUSZYNSKI, M. and NICHTERLEIN, K.(2004). Global impacts of mutation derived varieties. Euphytica, 135, 187. ANNUAL REPORT (2016–2017). In: Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Directorate of Pulses Development, Vindhyachal Bhavan, India. AUTI, S. G. (2012). Induced morphological and quantitative mutants in mungbean. Biorem. Biodiv. Bioavail., 6 (Special Issue), 27-39. BHATIA, C. R. and SWAMINATHAN, M. S. (1962). 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(1982). Radiation genetic studies in garden pea. XIII. Genetic variability, interrelationships and path analysis in protein rich genotypes. Biol. Zbl., 101, 271–282.KHAN, S. and WANI, M. R. (2005). Genetic variability and correlations studies in chickpea mutants. J. Cytol. Genet., 6, 155–160. KHAN, S., WANI, M. R. and PARVEEN, K. (2004). Induced genetic variability for quantitative traits in Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek. Pakistan J. Bot., 36(4), 845–850. LASKAR, R. A. and KHAN, S. (2017). Assessment on induced genetic variability and divergence in the mutagenized lentil populations of microsperma and macrosperma cultivars developed using physical and chemical mutagenesis. PLoS ONE, 12(9), e0184598. LASKAR, R. A., KHAN, H. and KHAN, S. (2015). Chemical Mutagenesis: Theory and Practical Application in Vicia faba L. Lap Lambert Academic Publication, Germany. LASKAR, R. A., KHAN, S., DEB, C. R., TOMLEKOVA, N., WANI, M. R., RAINA, A. and AMIN, R. (2019). Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) Diversity, Cytogenetics and Breeding. In: Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Cereals and Legumes. (eds.) J. M. Al-Khayri, S. M. Jain and D. V. Johnson. Springer International Publishing, pp. 319–370. LASKAR, R. A., LASKAR, A. A., RAINA, A., KHAN, S. and YOUNUS, H. (2018). Induced mutation analysis using biochemical and molecular characterization of high yielding lentil mutant lines. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 109,167–179. MBA, C. (2013). Induced mutations unleash the potentials of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. Agronomy, 3, 200–231.MOA&FW (2020). Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, National Initiative for Information on Quality Seed, India. RAINA, A., KHAN, S., WANI, M. R., LASKAR, R. A. and MUSHTAQ, W. (2019). Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Cytogenetics, Genetic Diversity and Breeding. In: Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Cereals and Legumes. (eds.) J. M. Al-Khayri, S. M. Jain and D. V. Johnson. Springer International Publishing, pp. 53–112. RAINA, A., LASKAR, R. A., WANI, M. R., KHURSHEED, S. and KHAN, S. (2020). Characterization of induced high yielding cowpea mutant lines using physiological, biochemical and molecular markers. Scientific Reports, (10), 3687, 1–22. RAUT, V. K., PATIL, J. V. and GAWANDE, V. L. (2004).Correlation and path analysis for quantitative traits in chickpea. Indian J. Pulses Res., 17(1), 82–83. SHU, Q. Y., FORSTER, B. P. and NAKAGAWA, H. (2012). Plant mutation breeding and biotechnology. CABI, WallingfordSIKORA, P. P, CHAWADE, A. A, LARSSON, M., OLSSON, J. and OLSSON, O. (2011). Mutagenesis as a tool in plant genetics, functional genomics and breeding. Int J Plant Genom, 2011, 314829. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/314829 SINGH, G., SAREEN, P. K., SAHARAN, R. P. and SINGH, A. (2001). Induced variability in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Indian J. Genet., 61(3), 281–282. SINGH, R. K. and CHAUDHARY, B. D. (1985). 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Integrated geophysical analysis of the Sembar Formation, Central Indus Basin, as an unconventional resource

The ever-increasing demand for new energy sources witnessed at present is leading to a shortage of oil and gas resources throughout the world. At the same time, polluting energy sources such as coal are being gradually replaced by gas, new fuel types and electricity produced by renewable methods. Unconventional shale gas reserves, relying on the presence of substantial volumes of good quality, thermally mature organic matter, are therefore crucial in shaping the economic future of multiple regions in the world. Using seismic reflection data to estimate Total Organic Carbon (TOC) in the underexplored Sembar Formation of the Qadirpur Area, Central Indus Basin, this study investigates the potential of a new unconventional resource in Pakistan. We estimate TOC based on well-log data using Passey's Δ Log R, Schmoker's, and Schwarzkopf's methods. In a second stage, thermal maturity modelling was carried out for the formations encountered in Well Qadirpur Deep-01, while focusing primarily on the Sembar Formation. Petrophysical and petroelastic properties were determined and cross-plotted to identify potential zones favourable to hydraulic fracturing. The results show calculated TOC values ranging from 2 to 4 wt% based on the multiple methods indicated above, proving that the Sembar Formation is a good to excellent unconventional oil gas play. Thermal maturity modelling further confirms that the organic matter in the Sembar Formation is mature. Our seismic based spatial distribution indicates that TOC values are particularly favourable in the lower part of the formation, which is also prone to hydraulic fracturing based on its petroelastic evaluation. This study presents a valid approach to characterise source-rock potential in sedimentary basins throughout South Asia and around the world

Transforming strategies in the digital era: The role of social media in customer value analysis and crisis management for tourism firms

Social media is gaining popularity nowadays and is increasingly being used by many small and large organisations. Organisations are adopting new social platforms and technologies to achieve their key and effective management strategies. However, there are still opportunities to explore the role of new technologies in developing useful strategies. In current research, the utilisation of technological tools especially social media was examined to improve the customer value analysis in the organisations. Besides, the research of social media use for crisis management is also increasing and the relevant strategies are still being-investigated. To overcome this gap, this research aims to evaluate the impact of the use of social media on customer value analysis and crisis management. To attain this, a detailed questionnaire was adapted from several different studies. Data were collected from a diverse targeted sample of tourism-related firms from all over Malaysia, including hotels, resorts, travel agencies and transportation companies. The model was tested using Smart PLS software and the results were generalised. Overall, this research will add a noteworthy contribution to the literature by highlighting the significance of social media and recognising its urgency during crisis for businesses. It will also help in answering questions regarding the role of social media usage towards customer value analysis and crisis management of organisations in the Malaysian tourism sector. Moreover, the practitioners will use the findings to make strategies for crisis management and build customer value chain