Study of Thyroid and Lipid Profile in Chronic Kidney Disease

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease(CKD) is a general term for heterogeneous disorders affecting kidney structure and function. CKD affects thyroid function in many ways, including low circulating thyroid hormone levels, altered peripheral hormone metabolism, insufficient binding to carrier proteins, reduced tissue thyroid hormone content and altered iodine storage in the thyroid gland. Patients with CKD have major pro-atherogenic lipid abnormalities leading to increased circulation of atherogenic lipoproteins. There is also growing evidence that abnormalities in lipid metabolism may contribute to renal disease progression. Early diagnosis of thyroid and lipid disorders by regular screening and treatment of such disorders in CKD patients may be highly beneficial to slow the progression of CKD, in addition to prevention of CVD risk. This study aims at detection of various thyroid and lipid abnormalities in CKD patients. AIMS OF STUDY: 1. To determine Thyroid profile of CKD patients. 2. To determine Serum Lipid profile of CKD patients. METHODS: A prospective study done in 100 patients for a period of one year from June 2017 to June 2018 in Tirunelveli Medical college &Hospital. I studied the newly diagnosed Chronic Kidney Disease patients and studied their Thyroid and Lipid profile abnormalities. RESULTS: In my study population, 100 CKD patients who were on conservative line management were studied. Among them 88% the patients had high TSH values (p value = 0.001), 12% had low T3values (p value = 0.001) & 89% had low T4 values(p value = 0.006). The modification in the serum levels of T3 and T4 in patients with CKD can be considered protective mechanism, favouring conservation of protein. There is progressive increase in count of patients with a decreasing T3 and T4 and increasing TSH proportional to the severity of renal failure. There is also increase in incidence of hypothyroidism found in patients with chronic kidney disease. As the age progresses there is increase in incidence of Low T3 syndrome in patients with CKD. In patients with low GFR the serum T3, T4 levels was found to be low. This shows a direct linear relationship between GFR and T3, T4 levels. HDL levels were reduced (p value = 0.001) and triglycerides( p value = 0.171), total cholesterol (p value =0.001) and TGL levels, LDL (p value = 0.199), VLDL (p value =0.423) were raised in the study group in comparison to the controls. There is a statistically significant rise in the level of serum triglycerides, Serum LDL, Serum VLDL in CKD grade III, IV, V patients. There was a negative correlation between serum HDL level and GFR levels( p value = 0.199) which was statistically essential & significant. In all the lipid abnormalities found in CKD were Reduced HDL-C levels in serum along with a significant rise in Serum triglyceride, serum Cholesterol Serum LDL level and Serum VLDL level. CONCLUSION: Thyroid dysfunctions and dyslipidemia in CKD may further raise CVD risk leading to high rates of morbidity and mortality. Hence, early diagnosis of Thyroid and lipid disorders in patients with CKD is highly beneficial to slow down the progression of CKD. In addition in also prevents CVD risk

Antiobesogenic and Antiatherosclerotic Properties of Caralluma fimbriata Extract

There is evidence that the principles present in the widely consumed Indian food plant C. fimbriata extract (CFE) suppress appetite, and provide antiobesogenic and metabolic benefits. The Diet-Induced Obesity (DIO) rat model was used to investigate CFE's anorexigenic effects. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: (i) untreated control (C), (ii) control for cafeteria diet (CA), and (iii) cafeteria diet fed + CFE treated. Rats in the test group received cafeteria diet and CFE from day one onwards. CFE was administered by gavage at three doses (25, 50, 100 mg/Kg BW per day) for 90 days. The antiobesogenic effects of CFE were evaluated by monitoring changes in feed intake, body weight, serum lipid and hormonal (leptin) profiles, fat pads, and liver weight. Antiatherosclerotic effects were measured by histology. CFE induced significant and dose-dependent inhibition of food intake, with dose-related prevention of gains in body weight, liver weight, and fat pad mass. Alterations in serum lipid profiles associated with weight gain were similarly inhibited, as were the typical increases in serum leptin levels. These data substantiate CFE's reported anorexigenic effects. CFE treatment also conferred protection against atherogenesis. We conclude that CFE possesses antiobesogenic and antiatherosclerotic properties

Chloroform Extract of Rasagenthi Mezhugu, a Siddha Formulation, as an Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine for HPV-Positive Cervical Cancers

Rasagenthi Mezhugu (RGM) is a herbomineral formulation in the Siddha system of traditional medicine and is prescribed in the southern parts of India as a remedy for all kinds of cancers. However, scientific evidence for its therapeutic efficacy in cervical cancer is lacking, and it contains heavy metals. To overcome these limitations, RGM was extracted, and the fractions were tested on HPV-positive cervical cancer cells, ME-180 and SiHa. The extracts, free from the toxic heavy metals, affected the viability of both the cells. The chloroform fraction (cRGM) induced DNA damage and apoptosis. Mitochondria-mediated apoptosis was indicated. Though both the cells responded to the treatment, ME-180 was more responsive. Thus, this study brings up scientific evidence for the efficacy of RGM against the HPV-mediated cervical cancer cells and, if the toxic heavy metals are the limitation in its use, cRGM would be a suitable candidate as evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine for HPV-positive cervical cancers

Histomorphological perspectives of preputial and clitoral glands of soft-furred field rat Millardia meltada

The present study was an attempt to understand the sexual dimorphism of the integumentary scent glands of soft-furred fi eld rat Millardia meltada from the perspectives of anatomy, morphology and histology with view to correlate with the sex-specifi c pheromones they produce. The scent gland of male is known as preputial gland, and female, the clitoral gland. The rats, that are agricultural pests were fi eld caught, the glands of males and females of almost identical size were dissected out, and subjected to gravimetric, morphometric and histological analyses. Both glands are yellowish-brown, pear-shaped, and dorsoventrally compressed. The mean weight, length and width of preputial glands are signifi cantly (p < 0.05) larger than that of the clitoral glands. The preputial gland is composed of sebaceous glandular lobules and apocrine glandular lobules whereas the clitoral gland is formed only of sebaceous glandular lobules. The sebaceous glandular lobules of both preputial and clitoral glands are fi lled with a wax-like material. Thus, the scent glands of the soft-furred male fi eld rats exhibit sexual dimorphism in respect histoarchitecture of the glands and the nature of the secretory material. This sexual dimorphism of the scent glands may refl ect control by male and female sex hormones impinging on specifi c roles as sex attractant pheromones

Employing Dietary Comparators to Perform Risk Assessments for Anti-Androgens Without Using Animal Data

This study investigated the use of androgen receptor (AR) reporter gene assay data in a non-animal exposure-led risk assessment in which in vitro anti-androgenic activity and exposure data were put into context using a naturally occurring comparator substance with a history of dietary consumption. First, several dietary components were screened to identify which selectively interfered with AR signaling in vitro, using the AR CALUX® test. The IC50 values from these dose-response data together with measured or predicted human exposure levels were used to calculate exposure:activity ratios (EARs) for the dietary components and a number of other well-known anti-androgenic substances. Both diindolylmethane (DIM) and resveratrol are specifically-acting dietary anti-androgens. The EARs for several anti-androgens were therefore expressed relative to the EAR of DIM, and how this ‘dietary comparator ratio’ (DCR) approach may be used to make safety decisions was assessed using an exposure-led case study for an anti-androgenic botanical ingredient. This highlights a pragmatic approach which allows novel chemical exposures to be put into context against dietary exposures to natural anti-androgenic substances. The DCR approach may have utility for other modes of action where appropriate comparators can be identified

Heteroleptic Copper(I) Complexes of "Scorpionate" Bis-pyrazolyl Carboxylate Ligand with Auxiliary Phosphine as Potential Anticancer Agents: An Insight into Cytotoxic Mode

New copper(I) complexes [CuCl(PPh3)(L)] (1: L = LA = 4-carboxyphenyl)bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)methane; (2: L = LB = 3-carboxyphenyl)bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)methane) were prepared and characterised by elemental analysis and various spectroscopic techniques such as FT-IR, NMR, UV-Vis, and ESI-MS. The molecular structures of complexes 1 and 2 were analyzed by theoretical B3LYP/DFT method. Furthermore, in vitro DNA binding studies were carried out to check the ability of complexes 1 and 2 to interact with native calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) using absorption titration, fluorescence quenching and circular dichroism, which is indicative of more avid binding of the complex 1. Moreover, DNA mobility assay was also conducted to study the concentration-dependent cleavage pattern of pBR322 DNA by complex 1, and the role of ROS species to have a mechanistic insight on the cleavage pattern, which ascertained substantial roles by both hydrolytic and oxidative pathways. Additionally, we analyzed the potential of the interaction of complex 1 with DNA and enzyme (Topo I and II) with the aid of molecular modeling. Furthermore, cytotoxic activity of complex 1 was tested against HepG2 cancer cell lines. Thus, the potential of the complex 1 is promising though further in vivo investigations may be required before subjecting it to clinical trials

Multiple Apoptotic Caspase Cascades Are Required in Nonapoptotic Roles for Drosophila Spermatid Individualization

Spermatozoa are generated and mature within a germline syncytium. Differentiation of haploid syncytial spermatids into single motile sperm requires the encapsulation of each spermatid by an independent plasma membrane and the elimination of most sperm cytoplasm, a process known as individualization. Apoptosis is mediated by caspase family proteases. Many apoptotic cell deaths in Drosophila utilize the REAPER/HID/GRIM family proapoptotic proteins. These proteins promote cell death, at least in part, by disrupting interactions between the caspase inhibitor DIAP1 and the apical caspase DRONC, which is continually activated in many viable cells through interactions with ARK, the Drosophila homolog of the mammalian death-activating adaptor APAF-1. This leads to unrestrained activity of DRONC and other DIAP1-inhibitable caspases activated by DRONC. Here we demonstrate that ARK- and HID-dependent activation of DRONC occurs at sites of spermatid individualization and that all three proteins are required for this process. dFADD, the Drosophila homolog of mammalian FADD, an adaptor that mediates recruitment of apical caspases to ligand-bound death receptors, and its target caspase DREDD are also required. A third apoptotic caspase, DRICE, is activated throughout the length of individualizing spermatids in a process that requires the product of the driceless locus, which also participates in individualization. Our results demonstrate that multiple caspases and caspase regulators, likely acting at distinct points in time and space, are required for spermatid individualization, a nonapoptotic process