Applying moral foundations theory to understanding public views of sexual offending

Much research has examined the views held by citizens about sexual offenders and related policy responses. Although studies have extensively examined demographic correlates of such views, little attention has been paid to psychological mechanisms that underpin them. Gaining a deeper understanding of such mechanisms may ultimately prove useful for informing communication strategies around the problem of sexual violence. We propose the application of moral foundations theory (MFT) as a means of exploring the roots of the current punitive consensus around sexual crime policy at the macro level, as well as individual variability in attitudes about sexual violence. Following an overview of the sexual offender policy landscape, and a description of MFT principles, we outline how this framework can help to explain both convergence and divergence in responses to sexual offending among members of the public. We also provide a series of testable hypotheses to stimulate further research in this area

Mean values of multiplicative functions over function fields

We discuss the mean values of multiplicative functions over function fields. In particular, we adapt the authors’ new proof of Halász’s theorem on mean values to this simpler setting. Several of the technical difficulties that arise over the integers disappear in the function field setting, which helps bring out more clearly the main ideas of the proofs over number fields. We also obtain Lipschitz estimates showing the slow variation of mean values of multiplicative functions over function fields, which display some features that are not present in the integer situation

Ab initio structure prediction methods for battery materials a review of recent computational efforts to predict the atomic level structure and bonding in materials for rechargeable batteries

Portable electronic devices, electric vehicles and stationary energy storage applications, which encourage carbon-neutral energy alternatives, are driving demand for batteries that have concurrently higher energy densities, faster charging rates, safer operation and lower prices. These demands can no longer be met by incrementally improving existing technologies but require the discovery of new materials with exceptional properties. Experimental materials discovery is both expensive and time consuming: before the efficacy of a new battery material can be assessed, its synthesis and stability must be well-understood. Computational materials modelling can expedite this process by predicting novel materials, both in stand-alone theoretical calculations and in tandem with experiments. In this review, we describe a materials discovery framework based on density functional theory (DFT) to predict the properties of electrode and solid-electrolyte materials and validate these predictions experimentally. First, we discuss crystal structure prediction using the Ab initio random structure searching (AIRSS) method. Next, we describe how DFT results allow us to predict which phases form during electrode cycling, as well as the electrode voltage profile and maximum theoretical capacity. We go on to explain how DFT can be used to simulate experimentally measurable properties such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and ionic conductivities. We illustrate the described workflow with multiple experimentally validated examples: materials for lithium-ion and sodium-ion anodes and lithium-ion solid electrolytes. These examples highlight the power of combining computation with experiment to advance battery materials research.(1) Gates Cambridge Trust, University of Cambridge, UK (2) EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Computational Methods for Materials Science, UK, Grant No. EP/L015552/1. (3) Winton Programme for the Physics of Sustainability, University of Cambridge, UK (4) Sims Fund, University of Cambridge, UK (5) EPSRC Grant No. EP/P003532/1 (6) EPSRC Collaborative Computational Projects on the Electronic Structure of Condensed Matter (CCP9), Grant No. EP/M022595/1, and NMR crystallography, Grant No. EP/M022501/1 (7) Computing resources on the Tier 1 resource ARCHER were provided through the UKCP EPSRC High-End computational consortium (EP/P022561/1) and on the Tier 2 resources HPC Midlands+ (EP/P020232/1) and CSD3 (EP/P020259/1)

JULES-GL7: The Global Land configuration of the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator version 7.0 and 7.2

This is the final version. Available on open access from the European Geosciences Union via the DOI in this recordData availability. The model configuration and associated forcing data are available via the indicated methods in the manuscript (see Appendix A). JULES and associated configurations are freely available for non-commercial research use as set out in the JULES user terms and conditions (http://jules-lsm.github.io/access_req/JULES_Licence.pdf, last access: 31 January 2020).Code availability. This work is based on JULES version 5.3 with specific configurations included in the form of suites. For full information regarding accessing the code and configurations, please refer to Appendix A.We present the latest global land configuration of the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) model as used in the latest international Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The configuration is defined by the combination of switches, parameter values and ancillary data, which we provide alongside a set of historical forcing data that defines the experimental setup. The configurations provided are JULES-GL7.0, the base setup used in CMIP6 and JULES-GL7.2, a subversion that includes improvements to the representation of canopy radiation and interception. These configurations are recommended for all JULES applications focused on the exchange and state of heat, water and momentum at the land surface. In addition, we provide a standardised modelling system that runs on the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) JASMIN cluster, accessible to all JULES users. This is provided so that users can test and evaluate their own science against the standard configuration to promote community engagement in the development of land surface modelling capability through JULES. It is intended that JULES configurations should be independent of the underlying code base, and thus they will be available in the latest release of the JULES code. This means that different code releases will produce scientifically comparable results for a given configuration version. Versioning is therefore determined by the configuration as opposed to the underlying code base.BEIS and DEFRA Met Office Hadley Centre Climate ProgrammeEuropean Union Horizon 202

Impact of treatment on damage and hospitalization in elderly patients with microscopic polyangiitis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis

OBJECTIVE: Age is a risk factor for organ damage, adverse events, and mortality in microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). However, the relationship between treatment and damage, hospitalizations, and causes of death in elderly patients is largely unknown. METHODS: Consecutive patients from Sweden, England, and the Czech Republic diagnosed between 1997 and 2013 were included. Inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of MPA or GPA and age 75 years or more at diagnosis. Treatment with cyclophosphamide, rituximab, and corticosteroids the first three months was registered. Outcomes up to two years from diagnosis included vasculitis damage index (VDI), hospitalization, and cause of death. RESULTS: Treatment data was available for 167 of 202 patients. At two years, 4% had no items of damage. There was a positive association between VDI score at two years and Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score at onset, and a negative association with treatment using cyclophosphamide or rituximab. Intravenous methylprednisolone dose was associated with treatment-related damage. During the first year, 69% of patients were readmitted to hospital. MPO-ANCA positivity and lower creatinine levels decreased the odds for readmission. The most common cause of death was infection, and this was associated with cumulative oral prednisolone dose. CONCLUSION: Immunosuppressive treatment with cyclophosphamide or rituximab in elderly patients with MPA and GPA was associated with development of less permanent organ damage and was not associated with hospitalization. However, higher doses of corticosteroids during the first three months was associated with treatment-related damage and fatal infections