Нам би такі умови! Довідник про руснаків Сербії

Рецензія на довідник: Руснаци у Сербії. Інформатор. Видавателє: Национални совит рускей националней меншини, Завод за културу войводянских Руснацох, Видавництво «Руске слово». – Одвичателна редакторка Єлена Перкович. – Руски Керестур, 2009. – 144 стор. Публікація розміщена й у інтернеті: www.rusin.rs. Етнонім «руснак» у Сербії (на відміну від Словаччини) не має пейоративного характеру. Цей етнонім вживається паралельно з етнонімом «русин», рідше – «русин-українець»

On a parabolic strongly nonlinear problem on manifolds

In this work we will prove the existence uniqueness and asymptotic behavior of weak solutions for the system (*) involving the pseudo Laplacian operator and the condition $\displaystyle\frac{\partial u}{\partial t} + \sum_{i=1}^n \big|\frac{\partial u}{\partial x_i}\big|^{p-2}\frac{\partial u}{\partial x_i}\nu_i + |u|^{\rho}u=f$ on $\Sigma_1$, where $\Sigma_1$ is part of the lateral boundary of the cylinder $Q=\Omega \times (0,T)$ and $f$ is a given function defined on $\Sigma_1$

O impacto da revascularização carotídea sobre a função cognitiva

The concept that carotid disease may compromise cognitive function was initially proposed by Fisher in 1951, based on an autopsy case. However, some topics involving cognitive function remain controversial, such as its correlation with carotid obstructive disease. So, the authors of this review evaluate the impact of carotid revascularization on cognitive function and the repercussions of the revascularization technique (carotid stenting vs. endarterectomy) chosen. It was clear from the literature reviewed that carotid stenosis is related to a decline in cognitive function over time. However, controversy still remains over the impact of carotid revascularization on cognitive function. With elation to the technique employed (carotid stenting vs. endarterectomy), the majority of studies found no difference between the two techniques in terms of overall cognitive outcome.The concept that carotid disease may compromise cognitive function was initially proposed by Fisher in 1951, based on an autopsy case. However, some topics involving cognitive function remain controversial, such as its correlation with carotid obstructive132116122sem informaçãosem informaçãoLal, B.K., Cognitive function after carotid artery revascularization (2007) Vasc Endovasc Surg, 41 (1), pp. 5-13. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538574406297253, PMid:17277237Fisher, C., Senile dementia - A new explanation of its causation (1951) Arch Neurol, 65, pp. 1-7Carrea, R., Molins, M., Murphy, G., Surgery of spontaneous thrombosis of internal carotid in the neckcarotid-carotid anastomosiscase report and analysis of the literature on surgical cases (1955) Medicina (B. Aires), 15, pp. 20-29Debakey, M.E., Successful carotid endarterectomy for cerebrovascular insufficiency. Nineteen-year follow-up (1975) JAMA, 233, pp. 1083-1085. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1975.03260100053020, PMid:1174155Eastcott, H.H., Pickering, G.W., Rob, C.G., Reconstruction of internal carotid artery in a patient with intermittent attacks of hemiplegia (1954) Lancet, 267, pp. 994-996. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(54)90544-9Feliziani, F.T., Polidori, M.C., De Rango, P., Cognitive performance in elderly patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy or carotid artery stenting: A twelve-month follow-up study (2010) Cerebrovasc Dis, 30, pp. 244-251. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000319066, PMid:20664257Seshadri, S., Beiser, A., Kelly-Hayes, M., The lifetime risk of stroke: Estimates from the Framingham study (2006) Stroke, 37, pp. 345-350. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000199613.38911.b2, PMid:16397184Hachinski, V., The 2005 Thomas Willis lecture: Stroke and vascular cognitive impairment - A transdisciplinary, translational and transactional approach (2007) Stroke, 38, p. 1396. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000260101.08944.e9, PMid:17347469Desmond, D.W., Moroney, J.T., Sano, M., Stern, Y., Incidence of dementia after ischemic stroke: Results of a longitudinal study (2002) Stroke, 33, pp. 2254-2260. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000028235.91778.95, PMid:12215596Rao, S.M., Leo, G.J., Ellington, L., Nauertz, T., Bernardin, L., Unverzagt, F., Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. II. 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Evidence from a study on the effect of carotid endarterectomy (2004) Neurol Res, 26, pp. 594-597. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/016164104225016245, PMid:15265280Costin, M., Rampersad, A., Solomon, R.A., Connolly, E.S., Heyer, E.J., Cerebral injury predicted by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography but not electroencephalography during carotid endarterectomy (2002) J Neurosurg Anesthesiol, 14, pp. 287-292. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008506-200210000-00003, PMid:12357085 PMCid:PMC2435244Heyer, E.J., Adams, D.C., Solomon, R.A., Neuropsychometric changes in patients after carotid endarterectomy (1998) Stroke, 29, pp. 1110-1115. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.29.6.1110, PMid:9626280 PMCid:PMC2435204Ogasawara, K., Inoue, T., Kobayashi, M., Cognitive impairment associated with intraoperative and postoperative hypoperfusion without neurologic deficits in a patient undergoing carotid endarterectomy (2006) Surg Neurol, 65, pp. 577-581. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surneu.2005.07.011, PMid:16720178Lund, C., Hol, P.K., Lundblad, R., Comparison of cerebral embolization during off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (2003) Ann Thorac Surg, 76, pp. 765-770. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(03)00679-9, discussion 770Sundt, T.M., Sharbrough, F.W., Piepgras, D.G., Kearns, T.P., Messick, J.M., O’Fallon, W.M., Correlation of cerebral blood flow and electroencephalographic changes during carotid endarterectomy: With results of surgery and hemodynamics of cerebral ischemia (1981) Mayo Clin Proc, 56, pp. 533-543. , PMid:7266064Halsey, J.H., Risks and benefits of shunting in carotid endarterectomy. The International Transcranial Doppler Collaborators (1992) Stroke, 23, pp. 1583-1587. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.23.11.1583Lawrence, P.F., Alves, J.C., Jicha, D., Bhirangi, K., Dobrin, P.B., Incidence, timing, and causes of cerebral ischemia during carotid endarterectomy with regional anesthesia (1998) J Vasc Surg, 27, pp. 329-337. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0741-5214(98)70363-5Calderon-Arnulphi, M., Alaraj, A., Amin-Hanjani, S., Detection of cerebral ischemia in neurovascular surgery using quantitative frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (2007) J Neurosurg, 106, pp. 283-290. , http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2007.106.2.283, PMid:17410713White, P.F., Use of cerebral monitoring during anaesthesia. Effect on recovery profile (2006) Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol, 20, pp. 181-189. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpa.2005.08.001, PMid:16634424Mendelsohn, F.O., Weissman, N.J., Lederman, R.J., Acute hemodynamic changes during carotid artery stenting (1998) Am J Cardiol, 82, pp. 1077-1081. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00562-1Trocciola, S.M., Chaer, R.A., Lin, S.C., Analysis of parameters associated with hypotension requiring vasopressor support after carotid angioplasty and stenting (2006) J Vasc Surg, 43, p. 714. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2005.12.008, PMid:16616226Gupta, R., Abou-Chebl, A., Bajzer, C.T., Schumacher, H.C., Yadav, J.S., Rate, predictors, and consequences of hemodynamic depression after carotid artery stenting (2006) J Am Coll Cardiol, 47, pp. 1538-1543. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.08.079, PMid:16630988Park, B., Shapiro, D., Dahn, M., Arici, M., Carotid artery angioplasty with stenting and postprocedure hypotension (2005) Am J Surg, 190, pp. 691-695. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2005.07.004, PMid:16226941Connolly, E.S., Winfree, C.J., Rampersad, A., Serum S100B protein levels are correlated with subclinical neurocognitive declines after carotid endarterectomy (2001) Neurosurg, 49, pp. 1076-1083Lunn, S., Crawley, F., Harrison, M.J., Brown, M.M., Newman, S.P., Impact of carotid endarterectomy upon cognitive functioning. A systematic review of the literature (1999) Cerebrovasc Dis, 9, pp. 74-81. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000015901, PMid:9973649Irvine, C.D., Gardner, F.V., Davies, A.H., Lamont, P.M., Cognitive testing in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (1998) Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 15, pp. 195-204. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1078-5884(98)80176-7Heyer, E.J., Sharma, R., Rampersad, A., A controlled prospective study of neuropsychological dysfunction following carotid endarterectomy (2002) Arch Neurol, 59, pp. 217-222. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.59.2.217, PMid:11843692 PMCid:PMC2435245Hobson, R.W., Update on the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stent Trial (CREST) protocol (2002) J Am Coll Surg, 194 (1), pp. S9-14. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1072-7515(01)01078-XXu, G., Liu, X., Meyer, J.S., Yin, Q., Zhang, R., Cognitive performance after carotid angioplasty and stenting with brain protection devices (2007) Neurol Res, 29, pp. 251-255. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/016164107X159216, PMid:17178010Endovascular versus surgical treatment in patients with carotid stenosis in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS):A randomised trial (2001) Lancet, 357, pp. 1729-1737. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04893-5, No authors listedGrunwald, I., Suppurian, T., Struffert, T., Falkai, P., Krick, C., Politi, M., Cognitive Changes after Carotid Artery Stenting (2006) Neuroradiology, 48, pp. 319-323. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00234-006-0064-5, PMid:16703361Mlekusch, W., Mlekusch, I., Haumer, M., Kopp, C.W., Lehrner, J., Ahmadi, R., Improvement of neurocognitive function after protected carotid artery stenting (2008) Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 71 (1), pp. 114-119. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccd.21407, PMid:18098213Gaudet, J.G., Meyers, P.M., McKinsey, J.F., Incidence of moderate to severe cognitive dysfunction in patients treated with carotid artery stenting (2009) Neurosurgery, 65 (2), pp. 325-329. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000349920.69637.78, discussion 329-30, PMid:19625912 PMCid:PMC2716040Lal, B.K., Younes, M., Cruz, G., Kapadia, I., Jamil, Z., Pappas, P.J., Cognitive changes after surgery vs stenting for carotid artery stenosis (2011) J Vasc Surg, 54 (3), pp. 691-698. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2011.03.253, PMid:21700413Takaiwa, A., Hayashi, N., Kuwayama, N., Akioka, N., Kubo, M., Endo, S., Changes in cognitive function during the 1-year period following endarterectomy and stenting of patients with high-grade carotid artery stenosis (2009) Acta Neurochir, 151, pp. 1593-1600. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00701-009-0420-4, PMid:19533017Zhou, W., Hitchner, E., Gillis, K., Prospective neurocognitive evaluation of patients undergoing carotid interventions (2012) J Vasc Surg, 56 (6), pp. 1571-1578. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2012.05.092, PMid:22889720 PMCid:PMC3508143Altinbas, A., Van Zandvoort, M.J., Van Den Berg, E., Cognition after carotid endarterectomy or stenting: A randomized comparison (2011) Neurology, 77 (11), pp. 1084-1090. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31822e55b9, PMid:21880992Witt, K., Börsch, K., Daniels, C., Neuropsychological consequences of endarterectomy and endovascular angioplasty with stent placement for treatment of symptomatic carotid stenosis: A prospective randomised study (2007) J Neurol, 254 (11), pp. 1524-1532. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-007-0576-x, PMid:17657403A noção de que a doença carotídea pode comprometer a função cognitiva foi proposta inicialmente por Fisher, em 1951, baseado em um caso de necropsia. Porém, alguns tópicos envolvendo a função cognitiva permanecem controversos, tais como sua correlação

An Illustrative Case Of Léri-weill Dyschondrosteosis

We report on a girl presenting Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) due to deletion of the SHOX gene. Her family included individuals with short stature alone or with both short stature and mesomelia or Madelung's deformity. The deletion was demonstrated through detection of hemizygosity for microsatellite markdrs SHOX-CA repeat, DXYS10092, DXYS10093 and DXYS10091 localized around the SHOX gene, with retention of paternal alleles in the proband and three of her sisters who had short stature as the only clinical feature. Hemizygosity for these loci was also observed in their mother, who had short stature too. The deletion in the proband was however larger, including locus DXY 10083. The proband's only sister with normal height did not carry the deletion. Family history suggests transmission of the deletion from the proband's maternal great-grandfather to her grandfather via the Y chromosome, and from the grandfather to the proband's mother via the X chromosome after crossing-over in the pseudoautosomal region proximal to the SHOX gene. Copyright © 2008, Sociedade Brasileira de Genética.314839842Belin, V., Cusin, V., Viot, G., Girlich, D., Toutain, A., Moncla, A., Vekemans, M., Cormier-Daire, V., SHOX mutations in dyschondrosteosis (Léri-Weill syndrome) (1998) Nat Genet, 19, pp. 67-69Benito-Sanz, S., del Blanco, D.G., Aza-Carmona, M., Magano, L.F., Lapunzina, P., Argente, J., Campos-Barros, A., Heath, K.E., PAR1 deletions downstream of SHOX are the most frequent defect in a Spanish cohort of Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) probands (2006) Hum Mutat, 27, p. 1062Benito-Sanz, S., del Blanco, D.G., Huber, C., Thomas, N.S., Aza-Carmona, M., Bunyan, B., Maloney, V., Campos-Barros, A., Characterization of SHOX deletions in Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) reveals genetic heterogeneity and no recombination hotspots (2006) Am J Hum Genet, 79, pp. 409-412Benito-Sanz, S., Thomas, N.S., Huber, C., Gorbenko del Blanco, D., Aza-Carmona, M., Crolla, J.A., Maloney, V., Campos-Barros, A., A novel class of pseudoautosomal region 1 deletions downstream of SHOX Is associated with Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (2005) Am J Hum Genet, 77, pp. 533-544Clement-Jones, M., Schiller, S., Rao, E., Blaschke, R.J., Zuniga, A., Zeller, R., Robson, S.C., Strachan, T., The short stature homeobox gene SHOX is involved in skeletal abnormalities in Turner syndrome (2000) Hum Mol Genet, 9, pp. 695-702Ellison, J.W., Wardak, Z., Young, M.F., Gehron Robey, P., Laig-Webster, M., Chiong, W., PHOG, a candidate gene for involvement in the short stature of Turner syndrome (1997) Hum Mol Genet, 6, pp. 1341-1347Filatov, D.A., Gerrard, D.T., High mutation rates in human and ape pseudoautosomal genes (2003) Gene, 317, pp. 67-77Fukami, M., Kato, F., Tajima, T., Yokoya, S., Ogata, T., Transactivation function of an approximately 800-bp evolutionarily conserved sequence at the SHOX 3′ region: Implication for the downstream enhancer (2006) Am J Hum Genet, 78, pp. 167-170Henry, A., Thorburn, M.J., Madelung's deformity. A clinical and cytogenetic study (1967) J Bone Joint Surg, 49 B, pp. 66-73Jorge, A.A., Souza, S.C., Nishi, M.Y., Billerbeck, A.E., Liborio, D.C., Kim, C.A., Arnhold, I.J., Mendonca, B.B., SHOX mutations in idiopathic short stature and Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis: Frequency and phenotypic variability (2007) Clin Endocrinol, 66, pp. 130-135Lien, S., Szyda, J., Schechinger, B., Rappold, G., Arnheim, N., Evidence for heterogeneity in recombination in the human pseudoautosomal region: High resolution analysis by sperm typing and radiation-hybrid mapping (2000) Am J Hum Genet, 66, pp. 557-566Rao, E., Weiss, B., Fukami, M., Rump, A., Niesler, B., Mertz, A., Muroya, K., Winkelmann, M., Pseudoautosomal deletions encompassing a novel homeobox gene cause growth failure in idiopathic short stature and Turner syndrome (1997) Nat Genet, 16, pp. 54-63Rappold, G., Blum, W.F., Shavrikova, E.P., Crowe, B.J., Roeth, R., Quigley, C.A., Ross, J.L., Niesler, B., Genotypes and phenotypes in children with short stature: Clinical indicators of SHOX haploinsufficiency (2007) J Med Genet, 44, pp. 306-313Rappold, G.A., Fukami, M., Niesler, B., Schiller, S., Zumkeller, W., Bettendorf, M., Heinrich, U., Onigata, K., Deletions of the homeobox gene SHOX(short stature homeobox) are an important cause of growth failure in children with short stature (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, pp. 1402-1406Schneider, K.U., Sabherwal, N., Jantz, K., Röth, R., Muncke, N., Blum, W.F., Cutler Jr, G.B., Rappold, G., Identification of major raombinant hotspot in patients with short stature and SHOX deficiency (2005) Am J Hum Genet, 77, pp. 89-96Shears, D.J., Vassal, H.J., Goodman, F.R., Palmer, R.W., Reardon, W., Superti-Furga, A., Scambler, P.J., Winter, R.M., Mutation and deletion of the pseudoautosomal gene SHOX cause Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (1998) Nat Genet, 19, pp. 70-72Zebala, L.P., Manske, P.R., Goldfarb, C.A., (200't) Madelung's deformity: A spectrum of presentation.. The J Hand Surg, 32 A, pp. 1393-1401Zinn, A.R., Ramos, P., Ross, J., (1006) A second recombination hotspot associated with SHOX deletions Am J Hum Genet, 78, pp. 523-52

Uma Análise Comparativa De Parâmetros Do Doppler Transcraniano Adquiridos Durante A Colocação De Stent Carotídeo E Endarterectomia Carotídea Por Semieversão

Background: Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting (CAS) have both been proposed for treatment of critical atherosclerotic stenosis located at the carotid bifurcation. Monitoring of hyperintense microembolic signals (MES) by transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) is considered a method of quality control, both in CEA and in CAS. Objective: To analyze temporal distribution of MES throughout both semi-eversion CEA and CAS procedures and to evaluate changes in mean velocity of blood flow through the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA). Method: Thirty-three procedures (17 CEA and 16 CAS) were prospectively monitored using TCD and the data were related to three different stages of surgery (pre-cerebral protection, during cerebral protection and post-cerebral protection). Chi-square, Mann-Whitney, ANOVA and contrast tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: The MES were uniformly distributed in the CEA group, but not in the CAS group (p = 0.208). The number of MES was higher in the CAS group in all stages. The average flow in the MCA was similarly lower in both groups during the protection stage. Conclusion: CEA provoked a lower incidence of MES per procedure than CAS in all stages. The behavior of the averages of the mean of blood flow through the MCA was similar in both groups. © 2016, Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular. All rights reserved.15319720

Beneficial effects of the activation of the Angiotensin-(1-7) MAS receptor in a murine model of adriamycin-induced nephropathy

Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] is a biologically active heptapeptide that may counterbalance the physiological actions of angiotensin II (Ang II) within the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Here, we evaluated whether activation of the Mas receptor with the oral agonist, AVE 0991, would have renoprotective effects in a model of adriamycin (ADR)-induced nephropathy. We also evaluated whether the Mas receptor contributed for the protective effects of treatment with AT1 receptor blockers. ADR (10 mg/kg) induced significant renal injury and dysfunction that was maximal at day 14 after injection. Treatment with the Mas receptor agonist AVE 0991 improved renal function parameters, reduced urinary protein loss and attenuated histological changes. Renoprotection was associated with reduction in urinary levels of TGF-{beta}. Similar renoprotection was observed after treatment with the AT1 receptor antagonist, Losartan. AT1 and Mas receptor mRNA levels dropped after ADR administration and treatment with losartan reestablished the expression of Mas receptor and increased the expression of ACE2. ADR-induced nephropathy was similar in wild type (Mas(+/+)) and Mas knockout (Mas (-/-)) mice, suggesting there was no endogenous role for Mas receptor activation. However, treatment with Losartan was able to reduce renal injury only in Mas(+/+) , but not in Mas (-/-) mice. Therefore, these findings suggest that exogenous activation of the Mas receptor protects from ADR-induced nephropathy and contributes to the beneficial effects of AT1 receptor blockade. Medications which target specifically the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis may offer new therapeutic opportunities to treat human nephropathies

Іван Петрович Білоконський: біографія (1855-1931 рр.)

Стаття присвячена життю та діяльності відомого земського діяча, учасника народницького руху, публіциста, науковця і письменника Івана Петровича Білоконського.Статья посвящена жизни и деятельности известного земского деятеля, народовольца, публициста, научного деятеля и писателя Ивана Петровича Белоконского.The artikle is dedikated to Ivan Petrovych Bylokonskiy’s life and activity, the formous statesman, the participant of narodnik’s movement, publicist, scientisc and writer

Crescimento e respostas hematológicas de tambaquis alimentados com diferentes quantidades de mandioca (Manihot esculenta)

Tambaqui,Colossoma macropomum is a fish of primary importance in Brazilian aquaculture and in the Amazon region in particular. The aim of this work is to analyze the combined effects of physical training and levels of dietary cassava (Manihot esculenta) on the hematological parameters, food intake, conversion efficiency, growth ratio and swimming performance of this fish. A diet for tambaqui consisting of 30% cassava caused decreases in weight gain and specific growth rate compared with the control group. Diets containing 15% or 45% cassava did not affect these indices and did not cause hematological changes in tambaqui juveniles, indicating that some amount of cassava can be used as an alternative energy source for this important aquaculture species.Tambaqui Colossoma macropomum, é um peixe de importância fundamental na aquicultura do Brasil e, em particular, na Região Amazônica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o efeito combinado do treinamento físico com diferentes níveis de macaxeira (Manihot esculenta) na dieta, sobre os parâmetros hematológicos, ingestão alimentar, eficiência de conversão, taxa de crescimento e performance natatória desses peixes. A dieta com 30% de cassava causou diminuição no ganho de peso e na taxa de crescimento específico quando se comparou ao grupo controle. Dietas contendo 15% e 45% de cassava não apresentaram efeito sobre estes índices e não causaram alterações hematológicas significativas em indivíduos juvenis de tambaqui, indicando que estas quantidades de cassava podem ser administradas como alternativa de fonte de energia para essa importante espécie na aquicultura

Determining the density of states for classical statistical models: A random walk algorithm to produce a flat histogram

We describe an efficient Monte Carlo algorithm using a random walk in energy space to obtain a very accurate estimate of the density of states for classical statistical models. The density of states is modified at each step when the energy level is visited to produce a flat histogram. By carefully controlling the modification factor, we allow the density of states to converge to the true value very quickly, even for large systems. This algorithm is especially useful for complex systems with a rough landscape since all possible energy levels are visited with the same probability. In this paper, we apply our algorithm to both 1st and 2nd order phase transitions to demonstrate its efficiency and accuracy. We obtained direct simulational estimates for the density of states for two-dimensional ten-state Potts models on lattices up to $200 \times 200$ and Ising models on lattices up to $256 \times 256$. Applying this approach to a 3D $\pm J$ spin glass model we estimate the internal energy and entropy at zero temperature; and, using a two-dimensional random walk in energy and order-parameter space, we obtain the (rough) canonical distribution and energy landscape in order-parameter space. Preliminary data suggest that the glass transition temperature is about 1.2 and that better estimates can be obtained with more extensive application of the method.Comment: 22 pages (figures included