Spread of a SARS-CoV-2 variant through Europe in the summer of 2020.

Following its emergence in late 2019, the spread of SARS-CoV-21,2 has been tracked by phylogenetic analysis of viral genome sequences in unprecedented detail3–5. Although the virus spread globally in early 2020 before borders closed, intercontinental travel has since been greatly reduced. However, travel within Europe resumed in the summer of 2020. Here we report on a SARS-CoV-2 variant, 20E (EU1), that was identified in Spain in early summer 2020 and subsequently spread across Europe. We find no evidence that this variant has increased transmissibility, but instead demonstrate how rising incidence in Spain, resumption of travel, and lack of effective screening and containment may explain the variant’s success. Despite travel restrictions, we estimate that 20E (EU1) was introduced hundreds of times to European countries by summertime travellers, which is likely to have undermined local efforts to minimize infection with SARS-CoV-2. Our results illustrate how a variant can rapidly become dominant even in the absence of a substantial transmission advantage in favourable epidemiological settings. Genomic surveillance is critical for understanding how travel can affect transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and thus for informing future containment strategies as travel resumes. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited

Enraizamento de estacas de azaleia (Rhododendron simsii Planch.) no outono em AIB e diferentes substratos Rooting of azalea cuttings (Rhododendron simsii Planch.) in the fall of AIB and different substrates

A azaleia é uma planta ornamental propagada comercialmente por meio de estacas, sendo difícil o seu o enraizamento em muitos casos, o que resulta em baixa produção de mudas. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o uso do AIB e o efeito de diferentes substratos sobre o enraizamento de estacas herbáceas de azaleia no outono. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições, em um fatorial 2x3, sendo adotados os fatores: aplicação ou não de ácido indol butírico - AIB (0mg L-1 e 1.000mg L-1) e tipos de substratos (vermiculita - grânulos médios, casca de arroz carbonizada e fibra de coco). Após 76 dias, foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: retenção foliar (%), estacas enraizadas (%), sobrevivência das estacas (%), comprimento da maior raiz, número de folhas, massa de matéria fresca das raízes por estaca, pH e condutividade elétrica dos substratos. Os resultados mostraram não haver diferenças para o enraizamento pela aplicação ou não de AIB. As estacas enraizadas em casca de arroz carbonizada e vermiculita apresentaram número superior de folhas em relação às estacas do substrato fibra de coco. No entanto, a fibra de coco e a casca de arroz carbonizada proporcionaram um maior comprimento de raiz. Para massa de matéria fresca por estaca, a fibra de coco também apresentou o melhor resultado. Não houve contribuição do AIB no enraizamento de estacas de azaleia, e o substrato fibra de coco foi o que apresentou melhor desempenho para o enraizamento das estacas.<br>Azalea is an ornamental plant commercially propagated by cuttings, and their rooting process in many cases, is difficult, which results in decreased production of seedlings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of IBA and the effect of different substrates on the rooting of cuttings of azalea in the fall. A randomized design with five replications in a factorial array was used as a statistical model, and it was adopted the following factors: types of substrates (vermiculite - medium granules, hull rice coal and coconut fiber), and indole butyric acid - IBA (0mg L-1 and 1,000mg L-1). After 76 days, the following variables were evaluated: leaf retention (%), rooted cuttings (%), cuttings survival (%), length of the longest root, number of leaves, fresh weight of roots per cutting, pH and electrical conductivity of the substrates. There was no difference of using IBA to improve rooting. The hull rice coal and vermiculite substrates resulted in a higher number of leaves on cuttings than coconut fiber. However, the coconut fiber and hull rice coal provided a greater root length. For fresh weight of roots per cutting, the coconut fiber also provided the best results. It was concluded that there was no contribution of IBA on the rooting of azalea, and coconut fiber substrate was more suitable for its rooting

Practical multiple Sequence alignment

Abstract Multiple sequence alignment as a means of comparing DNA, RNA or amino acid sequences is an essential precondition for various analyses, including structure prediction, modeling binding sites, phylogeny or function prediction. This range of applications implies a demand for versatile, flexible and specialized meth- ods to compute accurate alignments. This chapter summarizes the key algorithmic insights gained in the past years to facilitate both, an easy understanding of the current multiple sequence alignment literature and to enable the readers to use and apply current tools in their own everyday research

Evaluation of Potential Sustainability of Deep Sea Fisheries for Grenadiers (Macrouridae)

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