Huge automatically extracted training sets for multilingual Word Sense Disambiguation

We release to the community six large-scale sense-annotated datasets in multiple language to pave the way for supervised multilingual Word Sense Disambiguation. Our datasets cover all the nouns in the English WordNet and their translations in other languages for a total of millions of sense-tagged sentences. Experiments prove that these corpora can be effectively used as training sets for supervised WSD systems, surpassing the state of the art for low- resourced languages and providing competitive results for English, where manually annotated training sets are accessible. The data is available at trainomatic. org

Sample preparation for nanoanalytical electron microscopy using the FIB lift-out method and low energy ion milling

Thinning specimens to electron transparency for electron microscopy analysis can be done by conventional (2 - 4 kV) argon ion milling or focused ion beam (FIB) lift-out techniques. Both these methods tend to leave ''mottling'' visible on thin specimen areas, and this is believed to be surface damage caused by ion implantation and amorphisation. A low energy (250 - 500 V) Argon ion polish has been shown to greatly improve specimen quality for crystalline silicon samples. Here we investigate the preparation of technologically important materials for nanoanalysis using conventional and lift-out methods followed by a low energy polish in a GentleMill™ low energy ion mill. We use a low energy, low angle (6 - 8°) ion beam to remove the surface damage from previous processing steps. We assess this method for the preparation of technologically important materials, such as steel, silicon and GaAs. For these materials the ability to create specimens from specific sites, and to be able to image and analyse these specimens with the full resolution and sensitivity of the STEM, allows a significant increase of the power and flexibility of nanoanalytical electron microscopy

BcB_c Spectroscopy from Lattice QCD

We present first results for $B_c$ spectroscopy using Lattice Non-Relativistic QCD (NRQCD). For the NRQCD action the leading order spin-dependent and next to leading order spin-independent interactions have been included with tadpole-improved coefficients. We use multi-exponential fits to multiple correlation functions to extract ground and excited $S$ states and give accurate values for the $S$ state hyperfine splitting and the P state ($B^{**}_c$) fine structure, including the effects of $^1P_1/^3P_1$ mixing.Comment: 12 pages uuencoded latex file + 1 postscript figur

Simulation of deposit formation in particle laden flows

Fatty deposits formed on arterial walls lead to atherosclerosis but it is the interplay between these deposits and the vessel walls which govern the growth of plaque formation. Crucially however the vast majority of acute coronary syndromes such as, myocardial infarction, and sudden ischaemic cardiac death are caused by atherosclerotic plaque rupture and not from a stenosis growing and blocking the blood flow. In fact, atherosclerotic plaques expand into the vessel wall during much of their existence and this can make their detection problematic. However inflammation within the necrotic core of the plaque, can be used to detect which plaques may be vulnerable. Thermal mapping of arterial walls can help identify the most likely sites for plaque rupture. This paper aims to provide a direct link between the geometry of these deposits and their thermal properties in order that non-invasive imaging techniques could be used to spot vulnerable plaques. We will discuss a methodology for estimating the thermal conductivity which utilises self-similarity properties using fractal analysis and renormalisation. The selfsimilar microstructure is captured by a family of random fractals called shuffled Sierpinski carpets (SSC). The thermal conductivity of the SSC can then be predicted both from its box counting fractal dimension and via a generalised real space renormalisation method. This latter approach also affords an analysis of the percolation threshold of two phase fractal media

Controlling Factors Determining The Selective Hscn Addition To Double Bonds And Their Application To The Synthesis Of 7-isothiocyano-7,8-α-dihydro-bisabolene

The reactivity of terminal and trisubstituted double bonds of monoterpenes with HSCN has been examined by GC giving evidence that kinetics is responsible for the chemoselective addition to terminal double bonds in terpenes. The results show that the addition to the terminal double bond is about 17 times faster than for trisubstituted double bonds and that the presence of the first SCN group in the molecule prevents a second addition. The presence of a hydroxyl or methoxy group in the molecule, decreases the reaction kinetics. Based on these kinetic experiments a two steps synthesis of the natural product 7-isothiocyano-7,8-dihydro-α-bisabolene using bisabolol as starting material, was planned and successfully accomplished.125661666Drobnica, L., Kristían, P., Augustín, J., The Chemistry of the Cyanates and Their Thio Derivatives, , Saul Patai Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New YorkEdenborough, M.S., Herbert, R.B., (1988) Nat. Prod., p. 229Faulkner, D.J., (1994) Nat. Prod., p. 355(1993) Nat. Prod., p. 497(1992) Nat. Prod., p. 323(1991) Nat. Prod., p. 97(1990) Nat. Prod., p. 269(1988) Nat. Prod., p. 613Fraga, B.M., (1994) Nat. Prod. Rep., p. 533Piers, E., Young, B.W.A., Rettig, S.J., (1987) Tetrahedron, 43 (23), p. 5521Piers, E., Yeung, B.W., (1986) Can. J. Chem., 64, p. 2475Chenera, B., Chuang, C.P., Hart, D.J., Lai, C.S., (1992) J. Org. Chem., 57, p. 2018Da Silva, C.C., Almagro, V., Zukerman-Schpector, J., Castellano, E.E., Marsaioli, A.J., (1994) J. Org. Chem., 59, p. 2880Da Silva, C.C., Almagro, V., Marsaioli, A.J., (1993) Tetrahedron Lett., 34, p. 6717Martin, V.S., Woodward, S.S., Katsuki, T., Yamada, Y., Ikeda, M., Sharpless, K.B., (1981) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103, p. 6237Rakels, J.L., Straathof, A.J.J., Heijnin, J.J., (1993) Enzyme Microb. Technol, 15, p. 1051Diveley, W.R., Buntin, G.A., (1969) J. Org. Chem., 34, p. 616Queiroga, C.L., Ferracini, V.L., Marsaioli, A.J., (1996) Phytochemistry, 42, p. 1097(-)Bisabolol (8) [(αS, 1S)-1-methanol-α,4-dimethyl-α-4-methyl-3-pentenyl-3-cyclohexene] was obtained from commercial candeia oil (CITRÓLEO - S.Paulo, SP, Brazil)Sullivan, B.W., Faulkner, D.J., Okamoto, K.T., Chen, M.H.M., Clardy, J., (1986) J. Org. Chem., 51, p. 5134Dubois, J.E., Lomas, J.S., (1971) Tetrahedron Lett., 7, p. 599Delay, F., Ohloff, F., (1979) Helv. Chem. Acta, 62, p. 326A sample of dihydrolimonene was kindly provided by Prof. Marcio C. S. de Mattos from IQ/UFRJ, RJ, Brazi

Simulation of deposit formation in particle laden flows: thermal properties

Fatty deposits formed on arterial walls lead to atherosclerosis but it is the interplay between these deposits and the vessel walls which governs the growth of plaque formation. Cells in the vessel walls trigger the body's defenses and through a series of mechanisms lead to the promotion of plaque growth. Crucially however the vast majority of acute coronary syndromes such as, myocardial infarction, and sudden ischaemic cardiac death is caused by atherosclerotic plaque rupture and not from a stenosis growing and blocking the blood flow. Although the stress caused by the blood flow does play a role in plaque rupture, it has been found that the degree of stenosis is a relatively minor factor in predicting which plaques are most prone to rupture. In fact, atherosclerotic plaques expand into the vessel wall during much of their existence and this can make their detection problematic

Charm Quark Contribution to K+ -> pi+ nu anti-nu at Next-to-Next-to-Leading Order

We calculate the complete NNLO QCD corrections to the charm contribution of the rare decay K+ -> pi+ nu nu-bar. We encounter several new features, which were absent in lower orders. We discuss them in detail and present the results for the 2-loop matching conditions of the Wilson coefficients, the 3-loop anomalous dimensions, and the 2-loop matrix elements of the relevant operators that enter the NNLO renormalization group analysis of the Z-penguin and the electroweak box contribution. The inclusion of the NNLO QCD corrections leads to a significant reduction of the theoretical uncertainty from 9.8% down to 2.4% in the relevant parameter Pc, implying the leftover scale uncertainties in BR(K+ -> pi+ nu nu-bar) and in the determination of |V_td|, sin(2 beta), and gamma from the K -> pi nu nu system to be 1.3%, 1.0%, 0.006, and 1.2 degrees, respectively. For the charm quark MSbar mass mc=(1.30+-0.05) GeV and |V_us|= 0.2248 the NLO value Pc=0.37+-0.06 is modified to Pc=0.38+-0.04 at the NNLO level with the latter error fully dominated by the uncertainty in mc. We present tables for Pc as a function of mc and alphas(MZ) and a very accurate analytic formula that summarizes these two dependences as well as the dominant theoretical uncertainties. Adding the recently calculated long-distance contributions we find BR(K+ -> pi+ nu nu-bar)=(8.0+-1.1)*10^-11 with the present uncertainties in mc and the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa elements being the dominant individual sources in the quoted error. We also emphasize that improved calculations of the long-distance contributions to K+ -> pi+ nu nu-bar and of the isospin breaking corrections in the evaluation of the weak current matrix elements from K+ -> pi0 e+ nu would be valuable in order to increase the potential of the two golden K -> pi nu nu decays in the search for new physics.Comment: 74 pages, 28 figures. Erratum added: We correct the treatment of anomalous triangle diagrams. The associated numerical correction is below a permille; v3: Typographical mistakes in (108), (111) and (112) corrected. Thanks to Xu Feng for pointing them out. Numerical results unchange

Molecular systematics of swifts of the genus Chaetura (Aves: Apodiformes: Apodidae)

Phylogenetic relationships among swifts of the morphologically conservative genus Chaetura were studied using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Taxon sampling included all species and 21 of 30 taxa (species and subspecies) within Chaetura. Our results indicate that Chaetura is monophyletic and support the division of the genus into the two subgenera previously identified using plumage characters. However, our genetic data, when considered in combination with phenotypic data, appear to be at odds with the current classification of some species of Chaetura. We recommend that C. viridipennis, currently generally treated as specifically distinct from C. chapmani, be returned to its former status as C. chapmani viridipennis, and that C. andrei, now generally regarded as synonymous with C. vauxi aphanes, again be recognized as a valid species. Widespread Neotropical species C. spinicaudus is paraphyletic with respect to more range-restricted species C. fumosa, C. egregia, and C. martinica. Geographically structured genetic variation within some other species of Chaetura, especially notable in C. cinereiventris, suggests that future study may lead to recognition of additional species in this genus. Biogeographic analysis indicated that Chaetura originated in South America and identified several dispersal events to Middle and North America following the formation of the Isthmus of Panama

Nanostructure and paramagnetic centres in diamond-like carbon: Effect of Ar dilution in PECVD process

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films were deposited utilising plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) with acetylene precursor, diluted with 0 – 45% argon. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements show the presence of one paramagnetic centre with no change in spin population over the range of film deposition conditions. However, the EPR linewidth decreases with increasing argon content of the precursor mix, suggesting an enhancement of motional narrowing due to an increase in electron delocalization, related to an increase in the sp2 cluster size. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements indicate the surface of the DLC is formed of nanoscale asperities of material. With radii of tens of nanometres for films deposited with zero argon, the size of the features increases with the argon dilution of the acetylene. Energy dispersive x-ray analysis and electrical measurements further elucidate the changes in film structure