Descriptions of reversed yielding in bending

Existence of Bauschinger effect in bending-unbending of copper beams has been shown from experiment. In modelling of the Bauschinger effect, it is shown that a significant second plastic penetration can occur with the release of the moment required for an elasticplastic bending of a beam. The theory is given for both linear and parabolic hardening material models. The elastic and plastic strains are developed from each hardening model to express the beam curvature of the unstressed neutral axis. Conditions are expressed, using the normalized stress—strain response of a rectangular beam section, for which the release is purely elastic and elastic—plastic. Under the latter the depth to which a second zone of plasticity penetrates is given. Two stress distributions: one for applying the moment and the other for its release, are sufficient to derive the residual stress. Residuals found for parabolic hardening are believed to be more realistic than those from simpler linear or perfectly plastic models, particularly, where a second penetration is evident

Neutrinos from Early-Phase, Pulsar-Driven Supernovae

Neutron stars, just after their formation, are surrounded by expanding, dense, and very hot envelopes which radiate thermal photons. Iron nuclei can be accelerated in the wind zones of such energetic pulsars to very high energies. These nuclei photo-disintegrate and their products lose energy efficiently in collisions with thermal photons and with the matter of the envelope, mainly via pion production. When the temperature of the radiation inside the envelope of the supernova drops below $\sim 3\times 10^6$ K, these pions decay before losing energy and produce high energy neutrinos. We estimate the flux of muon neutrinos emitted during such an early phase of the pulsar - supernova envelope interaction. We find that a 1 km$^2$ neutrino detector should be able to detect neutrinos above 1 TeV within about one year after the explosion from a supernova in our Galaxy. This result holds if these pulsars are able to efficiently accelerate nuclei to energies $\sim 10^{20}$ eV, as postulated recently by some authors for models of Galactic acceleration of the extremely high energy cosmic rays (EHE CRs).Comment: 16 pages, 3 figures, revised version submitted to Ap

Delineation of the forest-tundra ecotone using texture-based classification of satellite imagery

© 2020, © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. The transition zone between the boreal forest and Arctic tundra, the forest-tundra ecotone (FTE), is an area of high ecological and climatological significance. Despite its importance, a globally consistent high spatial resolution mapping is lacking. Accurate mapping of the FTE requires the use of satellite remote sensing data. Here we use the Landsat Vegetation Continuous Fields (VCF) product and reference point data to derive the location and characteristics of the FTE. An image texture-based supervised classification scheme is developed based on a study area in Central Eurasia to statistically exploit the spatial patterns of the transition zone. Texture statistics for the VCF image are derived from the grey-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) based on which the study area is classified into forest, tundra, and FTEs. Adaptive parameterization is implemented to achieve optimal classification performance in the study area. This method is further applied to six additional study areas around the circumarctic region to test its adaptability. In all study areas, this method achieves better FTE delineation results than previously reported methods, showing better classification accuracies (average of 0.826) and more realistic and complete representation of the FTE as shown by visual examination. This shows the universal applicability of the method and it is potential to be used to achieve more detailed and accurate circumarctic mapping of the FTE, which could serve as the basis of time series analysis of FTE positions, eventually contributing to a better understanding of the inter-relations between climate change and shifts in sub-arctic vegetation.Grant no. 260400/E10 and 244557/RI, Research Council of Norwa

A preliminary list of the ants of Utah

journal articleThe following list of the ants of Utah was prepared from specimens and data now in the Biology Department of the University of Utah. This list is by no means complete, yet it is representative of practically all parts of the state. A few specimens in the collection date back to 1902, and all of these specimens and numerous other specimens in the collection were identified by Professor W. M. Wheeler. Since 1937 the authors have made collections in all parts of the state in an effort to obtain material for this paper. In addition, Mr. Grundmann has made intensive collections and a study of the ants of Salt Lake County as thesis material for a Master's Degree

Seventy years of sex education in Health Education Journal: a critical review

This paper examines key debates and perspectives on sex education in Health Education Journal (HEJ), from the date of the journal’s first publication in March 1943 to the present day. Matters relating to sexuality and sexual health are revealed to be integral to HEJ’s history. First published as Health and Empire (1921 – 1942), a key purpose of the journal since its inception has been to share information on venereal disease and its prevention within the UK and across the former British Empire. From 1943 to the present day, discussions on sex education in the newly-christened HEJ both reflect and respond to evolving socio-cultural attitudes towards sexuality in the UK. Changing definitions of sex education across the decades are examined, from the prevention of venereal disease and moral decline in war-time Britain in the 1940s, to a range of responses to sexual liberation in the 1960s and 1970s; from a focus on preventing sexually-transmitted infections, teenage pregnancy and HIV in the 1980s, to the provision of sexual health services alongside sex education in the 2000s. Over the past 70 years, a shift from prevention of pre-marital sexual activity to the management of its outcomes is apparent; however, while these changes over time are notable, perhaps the most striking findings of this review are the continuities in arguments for and against the discussion of sexual issues. After more than 70 years of debate, it would seem that there is little consensus concerning motivations for and the content of sex education

Fast iterative solution of reaction-diffusion control problems arising from chemical processes

PDE-constrained optimization problems, and the development of preconditioned iterative methods for the efficient solution of the arising matrix system, is a field of numerical analysis that has recently been attracting much attention. In this paper, we analyze and develop preconditioners for matrix systems that arise from the optimal control of reaction-diffusion equations, which themselves result from chemical processes. Important aspects in our solvers are saddle point theory, mass matrix representation and effective Schur complement approximation, as well as the outer (Newton) iteration to take account of the nonlinearity of the underlying PDEs

Regularization-robust preconditioners for time-dependent PDE constrained optimization problems

In this article, we motivate, derive and test �effective preconditioners to be used with the Minres algorithm for solving a number of saddle point systems, which arise in PDE constrained optimization problems. We consider the distributed control problem involving the heat equation with two diff�erent functionals, and the Neumann boundary control problem involving Poisson's equation and the heat equation. Crucial to the eff�ectiveness of our preconditioners in each case is an eff�ective approximation of the Schur complement of the matrix system. In each case, we state the problem being solved, propose the preconditioning approach, prove relevant eigenvalue bounds, and provide numerical results which demonstrate that our solvers are eff�ective for a wide range of regularization parameter values, as well as mesh sizes and time-steps

Probing the Pulsar Wind Nebula of PSR B0355+54

We present XMM-Newton and Chandra X-ray observations of the middle-aged radio pulsar PSR B0355+54. Our X-ray observations reveal emission not only from the pulsar itself, but also from a compact diffuse component extending ~50'' in the opposite direction to the pulsar's proper motion. There is also evidence for the presence of fainter diffuse emission extending ~5' from the point source. The compact diffuse feature is well-fitted with a power-law, the index of which is consistent with the values found for other pulsar wind nebulae. The morphology of the diffuse component is similar to the ram-pressure confined pulsar wind nebulae detected for other sources. The X-ray emission from the pulsar itself is described well by a thermal plus power-law fit, with the thermal emission most likely originating in a hot polar cap.Comment: 9 pages (uses emulateapj.cls), 8 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in Ap

A Model for the Moving `Wisps' in the Crab Nebula

I propose that the moving `wisps' near the center of the Crab Nebula result from nonlinear Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities in the equatorial plane of the shocked pulsar wind. Recent observations suggest that the wisps trace out circular wavefronts in this plane, expanding radially at speeds approximately less than c/3. Instabilities could develop if there is sufficient velocity shear between a faster-moving equatorial zone and a slower moving shocked pulsar wind at higher latitudes. The development of shear could be related to the existence of a neutral sheet -- with weak magnetic field -- in the equatorial zone, and could also be related to a recent suggestion by Begelman that the magnetic field in the Crab pulsar wind is much stronger than had been thought. I show that plausible conditions could lead to the growth of instabilities at the radii and speeds observed, and that their nonlinear development could lead to the appearance of sharp wisplike features.Comment: 7 pages; 3 postscript figures; LaTex, uses emulateapj.sty; to Appear in the Astrophysical Journal, Feb. 20, 1999, Vol. 51