Double-exchange theory of ferroelectric polarization in orthorhombic manganites with twofold periodic magnetic texture

We argue that many aspects of improper ferroelectric activity in orthorhombic manganites can be rationalized by considering the limit of infinite intra-atomic splitting between the majority- and minority-spin states (or the double exchange limit), which reduces the problem to the analysis of a spinless double exchange (DE) Hamiltonian. We apply this strategy to the low-energy model, derived from the first-principles calculations, and combine it with the Berry-phase theory of electric polarization. We start with the simplest two-orbital model, describing the behavior of the eg bands, and apply it to the E-type antiferromagnetic (AFM) phase, which in the DE limit effectively breaks up into one-dimensional zigzag chains. We derive an analytical expression for the electronic polarization (Pel) and explain how it depends on the orbital ordering and the energy splitting Delta between eg states. Then, we evaluate parameters of this model, starting from a more general five-orbital model for all Mn 3d bands and constructing a new downfolded model for the eg bands. From the analysis of these parameters, we conclude that the behavior of Pel in realistic manganites corresponds to the limit of large Delta. We further utilize this property in order to derive an analytical expression for Pel in a general two-fold periodic magnetic texture, based on the five-orbital model and the perturbation-theory expansion for the Wannier functions in the first order of 1/Delta. This expression explains the functional dependence of Pel on the relative directions of spins. Furthermore, it suggests that Pel is related to the asymmetry of the transfer integrals, which should simultaneously have symmetric and antisymmetric components. Finally, we explain how the polarization can be switched between orthorhombic directions a and c by inverting the zigzag AFM texture in every second ab plane.Comment: 41 page, 10 figure

Spin dependence of ferroelectric polarization in the double exchange model for manganites

The double exchange (DE) model is systematically applied for studying the coupling between ferroelectric (FE) and magnetic orders in several prototypical types of multiferroic manganites. The model was constructed for the magnetically active Mn $3d$ bands in the basis of Wannier functions and include the effect of screened on-site Coulomb interactions. The essence of our approach for the FE polarization is to use the Berry phase theory, formulated in terms of occupied Wannier functions, and to evaluate the asymmetric spin-dependent change of these functions in the framework of the DE model. This enables us to quantify the effect of the magnetic symmetry breaking and derive several useful expressions for the electronic polarization ${\bf P}$, depending on the relative directions of spins. The proposed theory is applied to the solution of three major problems: (i) The magnetic-state dependence of ${\bf P}$ in hexagonal manganites; (ii) The microscopic relationship between canted ferromagnetism and ${\bf P}$ in monoclinic BiMnO$_3$; (iii) The origin of FE activity in orthorhombic manganites. We show that for an arbitrary noncollinear magnetic structure, propagating along the orthorhombic $\boldsymbol{b}$ axis and antiferromagnetically coupled $\boldsymbol{c}$, ${\bf P}$ can be obtained by scaling the one of the E-phase with the prefactor depending only on the relative directions of spins and being the measure of the spin inhomogeneity. This picture works equally well for the twofold (HoMnO$_3$) and fourfold (TbMnO$_3$) periodic manganites. The basic difference is that the twofold periodic magnetic structure is strongly inhomogeneous, that leads to large ${\bf P}$. On the contrary, the fourfold periodic magnetic structure can be viewed as a moderately distorted homogeneous spin spiral, which corresponds to weaker ${\bf P}$.Comment: 32 pages, 7 figure

Cosmic ray acceleration by stellar wind. Simulation for heliosphere

The solar wind deceleration by the interstellar medium may result in the existence of the solar wind terminal shock. In this case a certain fraction of thermal particles after being heated at the shock would obtain enough energy to be injected to the regular acceleration process. An analytical solution for the spectrum in the frame of a simplified model that includes particle acceleration at the shock front and adiabatic cooling inside the stellar wind cavity has been derived. It is shown that the acceleration of the solar wind particles at the solar wind terminal shock is capable of providing the total flux, spectrum and radial gradients of the low-energy protons close to one observed in the interplanetary space

Unitarity cutting rules for the nucleus excitation and topological cross sections in hard production off nuclei from nonlinear k_t-factorization

At the partonic level, a typical final state in small-x deep inelastic scattering off nuclei and hard proton-nucleus collisions can be characterized by the multiplicity of color-excited nucleons. Within reggeon field theory, each color-excited nucleon is associated with the unitarity cut of the pomeron exchanged between the projectile and nucleus. In this communication we derive the unitarity rules for the multiplicity of excited nucleons, alias cut pomerons, alias topological cross sections, for typical hard dijet production processes. We demonstrate how the coupled-channel non-Abelian intranuclear evolution of color dipoles, inherent to pQCD, gives rise to the reggeon field theory diagrams for final states in terms of the uncut, and two kinds of cut, pomerons. Upon the proper identification of the uncut and cut pomeron exchanges, the topological cross sections for dijet production follow in a straightforward way from the earlier derived nonlinear k_t - factorization quadratures for the inclusive dijet cross sections. The concept of a coherent (collective) nuclear glue proves extremely useful for the formulation of reggeon field theory vertices of multipomeron - cut and uncut - couplings to particles and between themselves. A departure of our unitarity cutting rules from the ones suggested by the pre-QCD Abramovsky-Kancheli-Gribov rules, stems from the coupled-channel features of intranuclear pQCD. We propose a multiplicity re-summation as a tool for the isolation of topological cross sections for single-jet production.Comment: 53 pages, 16 eps-figures, to appear in Phys. Rev.

Intrinsic spin orbit torque in a single domain nanomagnet

We present theoretical studies of the intrinsic spin orbit torque (SOT) in a single domain ferromagnetic layer with Rashba spin-orbit coupling (SOC) using the non-equilibrium Green's function formalism for a model Hamiltonian. We find that, to the first order in SOC, the intrinsic SOT has only the field-like torque symmetry and can be interpreted as the longitudinal spin current induced by the charge current and Rashba field. We analyze the results in terms of the material related parameters of the electronic structure, such as band filling, band width, exchange splitting, as well as the Rashba SOC strength. On the basis of these numerical and analytical results, we discuss the magnitude and sign of SOT. Our results show that the different sign of SOT in identical ferromagnetic layers with different supporting layers, e.g. Co/Pt and Co/Ta, could be attributed to electrostatic doping of the ferromagnetic layer by the support.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figure

Final state interaction effects in D(e,e′p)D(e,e'p) scattering

We present a systematic study of the final-state interaction (FSI) effects in $D(e,e'p)$ scattering in the CEBAF energy range with particular emphasis on the phenomenon of the angular anisotropy of the missing momentum distribution. We find that FSI effects dominate at missing momentum p_m \gsim 1.5 fm$^{-1}$. FSI effects in the excitation of the $S$-wave state are much stronger than in the excitation of the $D$-wave.Comment: LATEX, 11 pages, 5 figures available from the authors on request, KFA-IKP(TH)-1994-3