The influence of the fiscal cliff on the economy of the USA

"Financial cliff " is a situation when government o f the USA decides to permit so huge austerity that can damage financial system over the worl

Human rights to a favorable social environment on the Internet

This work analyzes the right to a favorable social environment on the Internet. The main purpose of the article is to consider the right to access the Internet and a favorable social environment. The authors consider the influence of a favorable social environment on the human psyche. The object of the study is the rights of citizens of the Russian Federation to a favorable social environment and comfortable use of the Internet. The subject of the article is the consideration of the rights to a favorable social environment as an inalienable right of every citizen of the Russian Federation. The authors write about the role of a favorable social environment and the Internet for minors, describe the main factors of restrictions on Internet access for adolescents. The methodological and theoretical basis of the research is based on private and general scientific approaches to the study of this topic. Formal logical and comparative methods, as well as methods of structural analysis were used. In the course of the study, the researchers draw conclusions about the reasons why the right to a favorable environment cannot be considered exclusively in the context of ecology

Влияние бронходилататоров на легочную гипертензию у больных хронической обструктивной болезнью легких

Pulmonary hypertension and chronic cor pulmonale are the most important consequences of bronchial obstruction in COPD. Effects of typical bronchodilating therapy on the pulmonary artery haemodynamics are quite uncertain.The aim of this study was to search effects of long-term inhaled bronchodilating therapy on the pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) in patient with COPD. The study involved 60 patients with 2 to 3 stage COPD and pulmonary artery pressure (PA P) higher than 20 mm Hg treated with Berodual 2 doses 4 times daily for 24 weeks. When having FEV1 less that 50 % of predicted values, patients received the drug via a nebulizer. The main COPD symptoms (cough, sputum, dyspnoea, wheesing) were scored. We also used spirometry, chest X- ray, ECG and Doppler echocardiography.On the 24-week therapy the main symptoms reduced from 7.6 ± 0.4 до 1.6 ± 0.2 numbers (p < 0.05), the PAH dropped from 32.3 ± 0.8 до 23.2 ± 1.2 mm Hg (p < 0.05). The ECG and the chest X-ray examination appeared to be not quite valuable to detect PAH. Therefore, the Doppler echocardiography is thought to be used to diagnose PAH in COPD. As far as the long-term bronchodilating therapy resulted in the PAP decrease, it should be included to an algorithm of managing COPD patients with PAH.Одним из важнейших следствий бронхиальной обструкции при хронической обструктивной болезни легких (ХОБЛ) является формирование легочной гипертензии (ЛГ) и хронического легочного сердца. Недостаточно изученным остается вопрос о влиянии классической бронходилатирующей терапии на гемодинамику в бассейне легочной артерии.Целью настоящего исследования явилось изучение влияния длительного применения ингаляционных бронхорасширяющих средств на ЛГ у больных ХОБЛ. Исследованы 60 больных ХОБЛ 2-3-й стадий с ЛГ (более 20 мм рт. ст.) на фоне постоянной терапии Беродуалом по 2 дозы 4 раза в день в течение 24 нед. Больные с ОФВ1 менее 50 % от должных величин ингалировали препарат через небулайзер. Оценивали клиническое состояние пациентов с использованием балльной оценки выраженности кашля, мокроты, одышки, аускультативных изменений в легких, проводили спирометрию, рентгенографию легких, ЭКГ, допплеровскую эхокардиографию. На фоне терапии в течение 24 нед. произошло уменьшение основных симптомов заболевания с 7,6 ± 0,4 до 1,6 ± 0,2 баллов (р < 0,05), снижение среднего давления в легочной артерии (Рла) с 32,3 ± 0,8 до 23,2 ± 1,2 мм рт. ст. (р < 0,05). Показана недостаточная диагностическая значимость Э К Г и рентгенографии легких в выявлении ЛГ у больных ХОБЛ.Таким образом, для диагностики ЛГ у больных ХОБЛ должна применяться допплеровская эхокардиография. Длительная бронходилатационная терапия приводит к снижению Рла, вследствие чего она может быть включена в алгоритм лечения ЛГ у больных ХОБЛ

Clinical guidelines ‘Hyperprolactinemia’ (draft)

Hyperprolactinemia is a persistent excess of the blood serum prolactin. The syndrome contains various symptoms, the most characteristic is a violation of the reproductive system. There are multiple endogenous and exogenous causes of hyperprolactinemia. The main treatment method is dopamine agonist therapy, in case of prolactinoma existence, surgical and radiation methods can be applied. About 15% of patients are resistant to dopamine agonist therapy, which determines creation of individual management tactics. The article presents a draft of clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia, which provides a modern examination algorithm, discusses the basic principles of diagnostics and treatment approaches

Assessment of the economic effect of regionalization of supply of pharmaceuticals produced in the UrFO

The purpose of the study is to assess the logistics parameters for the supply of medicines produced in the Ural Federal District for the formation of science-based programs for the market distribution of products of the Ural pharmaceutical plants.Цель исследования – оценка логистических параметров поставок лекарственных препаратов, произведенных в УрФО для формирования научно-обоснованных программ рыночного распределения продукции Уральских фармацевтических заводов

Criteria for the definition of Pituitary Tumor Centers of Excellence (PTCOE): A Pituitary Society Statement

Introduction With the goal of generate uniform criteria among centers dealing with pituitary tumors and to enhance patient care, the Pituitary Society decided to generate criteria for developing Pituitary Tumors Centers of Excellence (PTCOE). Methods To develop that task, a group of ten experts served as a Task Force and through two years of iterative work an initial draft was elaborated. This draft was discussed, modified and finally approved by the Board of Directors of the Pituitary Society. Such document was presented and debated at a specific session of the Congress of the Pituitary Society, Orlando 2017, and suggestions were incorporated. Finally the document was distributed to a large group of global experts that introduced further modifications with final endorsement. Results After five years of iterative work a document with the ideal criteria for a PTCOE is presented. Conclusions Acknowledging that very few centers in the world, if any, likely fulfill the requirements here presented, the document may be a tool to guide improvements of care delivery to patients with pituitary disorders. All these criteria must be accommodated to the regulations and organization of Health of a given country

Effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on stroke and atrial fibrillation in diabetic kidney disease: Results from the CREDENCE trial and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Chronic kidney disease with reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate or elevated albuminuria increases risk for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. This study assessed the effects of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) on stroke and atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF/AFL) from CREDENCE (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes With Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation) and a meta-Analysis of large cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) of SGLT2i in type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: CREDENCE randomized 4401 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease to canagliflozin or placebo. Post hoc, we estimated effects on fatal or nonfatal stroke, stroke subtypes, and intermediate markers of stroke risk including AF/AFL. Stroke and AF/AFL data from 3 other completed large CVOTs and CREDENCE were pooled using random-effects meta-Analysis. RESULTS: In CREDENCE, 142 participants experienced a stroke during follow-up (10.9/1000 patient-years with canagliflozin, 14.2/1000 patient-years with placebo; hazard ratio [HR], 0.77 [95% CI, 0.55-1.08]). Effects by stroke subtypes were: ischemic (HR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.61-1.28]; n=111), hemorrhagic (HR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.19-1.32]; n=18), and undetermined (HR, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.20-1.46]; n=17). There was no clear effect on AF/AFL (HR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.53-1.10]; n=115). The overall effects in the 4 CVOTs combined were: Total stroke (HRpooled, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.82-1.12]), ischemic stroke (HRpooled, 1.01 [95% CI, 0.89-1.14]), hemorrhagic stroke (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.30-0.83]), undetermined stroke (HRpooled, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.49-1.51]), and AF/AFL (HRpooled, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.71-0.93]). There was evidence that SGLT2i effects on total stroke varied by baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (P=0.01), with protection in the lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate (45 mL/min/1.73 m2]) subgroup (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.31-0.79]). CONCLUSIONS: Although we found no clear effect of SGLT2i on total stroke in CREDENCE or across trials combined, there was some evidence of benefit in preventing hemorrhagic stroke and AF/AFL, as well as total stroke for those with lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate. Future research should focus on confirming these data and exploring potential mechanisms

Glycemia control and choice of antihyperglycemic therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and COVID-19: a consensus decision of the board of experts of the Russian association of endocrinologists

A dangerous viral disease COVID-19, caused by a new RNA coronavirus SARS-COV-2, has been actively spreading in the world since December 2019. The main manifestations of this disease are bilateral pneumonia, often accompanied by the development of acute respiratory syndrome and respiratory failure. Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at high risk of infection with the SARS-COV-2 virus, severe illness and death.Maintaining of target glycemic levels is the most important factor in a favorable outcome of COVID-19 in both type 1 and type 2 DM. The choice of antihyperglycemic therapy in a patient with DM in the acute period of COVID-19 depends on the initial therapy, the severity of hyperglycemia, the severity of the viral infection and the patient’s clinical condition.The article presents the recommendations of the board of experts of the Russian Association of Endocrinologists on glycemic control and the choice of antihyperglycemic therapy in patients with type 2 DM and COVID-19, and also on the use of glucocorticosteroids used in the treatment of COVID-19 in patients with type 2 DM

Canagliflozin and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to 300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m 2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to &lt;90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], &gt;300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of &lt;15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P&lt;0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P&lt;0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years