Category-based Inductive Learning in Shared NeMuS

One of the main objectives of cognitive science is to use abstraction to create models that represent accurately the cognitive processes that constitute learning, such as categorisation. Relational knowledge is important in this task, since it is through the reasoning processes of induction and analogy that the mind creates categories (it later estabilishes causal relations between them by using induction and abduction), and analogies exemplify crucial properties of relational processing, like structure-consistent mapping[2]. Given the complexity of the task, no model today has accomplished it com- pletely. The associacionist/connectionist approach represents those processes through associations between different informations. That is done by using artifi- cial neural networks. However, it faces a great obstacle: the idea (called proposi- tional fixation) that neural networks could not represent relational knowledge. A recent attempt to tackle the symbolic extraction from artificial neural networks was proposed in [1] The cognitive agent Amao uses a shared Neural Multi-Space (Shared NeMuS) of coded first-order expressions to model the various aspects of logical formulae as separate spaces, with importance vectors of different sizes. Amao [4] uses inverse unification as the generalization mechanism for learning from a set of logically connected expressions of the Herbrand Base (HB). Here We present an experiment to use such learning mechanism to model a simple version of train set from Michalski’s train problem[3

Learning about Actions and Events in Shared NeMuS

The categorization process of information from pure data or learned in unsuper- vised artificial neural networks is still manual, especially in the labeling phase. Such a process is fundamental to knowledge representation [6], especially for symbol-based systems like logic, natural language processing and textual infor- mation retrieval. Unfortunately, applying categorization theory in large volumes of data does not lead to good results mainly because there is no generic and systematic way of categorizing such data processed by artificial neural networks and joining investigated conceptual structures. Connectionist approaches are capable of extracting information from arti- ficial neural networks, but categorizing them as symbolic knowledge have been little explored. The obstacle lies on the difficulty to find logical justification from response patterns of these networks [2]. This gets worse when considering induc- tive learning from dynamic data which is very important to Cognitive Sciences that considers categorization as a mental operation of classifying objects, actions and events [1]. We shall address the discoveries of our on-going investigation on the problem of inductively learning (IL) from dynamic data by applying a novel framework for neural-symbolic representation and reasoning called share Neural Multi-Space (NeMuS) used in the Amao system[4]. Instead of woking like traditional ap- proaches for ILP, e.g. [5], Amao uses a shared NeMuS of a give background knowledge (BK) and uses inverse unification as the generalization mechanism of a set of logically connected expressions from the Herbrand Base (HB) of BK that defines positive examples

Dietas contendo fenos de leucena ou estilosantes para cabras Anglo-Nubianas de tipo misto em lactação.

Com o intuito de avaliar dietas para cabras Anglo-Nubianas do tipo misto em lactação, foram utilizadas oito cabras com peso médio 37,9 ± 1,72 kg, entre a 2ª e 4ª ordem de lactação, no terço médio da lactação, distribuídas em duplo quadrado latino 4 x 4. A ordenha foi realizada as 7 e 16 h. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro dietas formuladas com diferentes volumosos (silagem de capim-elefante associada ou não aos fenos de leucena ou de estilosantes) e milho em grão, acrescidas ou não do farelo de soja

Fast relational learning using bottom clause propositionalization with artificial neural networks

Relational learning can be described as the task of learning first-order logic rules from examples. It has enabled a number of new machine learning applications, e.g. graph mining and link analysis. Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) performs relational learning either directly by manipulating first-order rules or through propositionalization, which translates the relational task into an attribute-value learning task by representing subsets of relations as features. In this paper, we introduce a fast method and system for relational learning based on a novel propositionalization called Bottom Clause Propositionalization (BCP). Bottom clauses are boundaries in the hypothesis search space used by ILP systems Progol and Aleph. Bottom clauses carry semantic meaning and can be mapped directly onto numerical vectors, simplifying the feature extraction process. We have integrated BCP with a well-known neural-symbolic system, C-IL2P, to perform learning from numerical vectors. C-IL2P uses background knowledge in the form of propositional logic programs to build a neural network. The integrated system, which we call CILP++, handles first-order logic knowledge and is available for download from Sourceforge. We have evaluated CILP++ on seven ILP datasets, comparing results with Aleph and a well-known propositionalization method, RSD. The results show that CILP++ can achieve accuracy comparable to Aleph, while being generally faster, BCP achieved statistically significant improvement in accuracy in comparison with RSD when running with a neural network, but BCP and RSD perform similarly when running with C4.5. We have also extended CILP++ to include a statistical feature selection method, mRMR, with preliminary results indicating that a reduction of more than 90 % of features can be achieved with a small loss of accuracy

Indicadores de digestibilidade de dietas para ovinos contendo feno de ponta de cana-de-açúcar hidrolisado.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-18T23:24:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RBSPA2017V18N1FENODEPONTADECANA.pdf: 190963 bytes, checksum: 9b647ac7ed3ea86ec0ade23af14eb5e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-18bitstream/item/169216/1/RBSPA-2017-V18-N1-FENO-DE-PONTA-DE-CANA.pd

Nutrient metabolism and ingestive behavior of goats fed diets containing palm tree fruit.

The objective was to evaluate the nutrient metabolism and ingestive behavior of goats fed diets containing fruits of Carnauba and Tucum palm trees, abundant in the Northeast region with fruiting in the dry season and use as alternative food for ruminants. For this end, 21 goats fed three diets, one control and two with carnauba or tucum fruits, in a completely randomized design. We determined nutrient intake through total collection of leftovers, faces and urine, as well as energy and nitrogen balance. Ingestive behavior was assessed by visual observations every 5 min for 24 h. There was a reduction in dry matter intake of 0.183 and 0.223 kg/day for diets containing tucum and carnauba fruits, respectively. The intake of digestible protein (78.04 gDP/day) and metabolizable energy (2.51 McalME/day) of the diet containing tucum fruits met the nutritional requirements of the animals, besides resulting in nitrogen balance above 60% and increase of 0.57 Mcal/kgDM of digestible energy of the diets. Diets containing fruits of carnauba required a longer rumination (453.65 min/day), associated with the higher fiber content in their composition. The inclusion of carnauba and tucum fruits in diets composed of corn, soybean and Tifton 85 hay for growing goats promotes a reduction in dry matter intake due to the low quality of the fiber of these fruits. However, the diets containing tucum fruits met the nutritional requirements of goats regarding digestible protein and metabolizable energy, suggesting the use of this alternative food for this category

Sistemas de produção praticados e sistemas melhorados propostos - Bacia do Rio Formoso, Bonito, MS.

O presente trabalho faz parte do Projeto "Gestão Integrada da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Formoso", financiado pelo Fundo para o Meio Ambiente Mundial (Global Environment Facility - GEF) e implementado pelo Banco Internacional para a Reconstrução e o Desenvolvimento (Bird). O objetivo deste trabalho foi de caracterizar os sistemas de produção modais (predominantes) praticados pelos produtores rurais da Bacia do Rio Formoso, Bonito, MS e a partir destes, propor sistemas melhorados, mais sustentáveis. As informações para a caracterização de cada sistema foram levantadas por meio de painéis participativos, com a presença de técnicos, pesquisadores, produtores rurais e outros interessados. Foram realizados em 2006, quatro painéis para caracterização dos sistemas modais e outros quatro para proposição dos melhorados. Foram contemplados no estudo os sistemas de produção de gado de leite, gado de corte, agricultura familiar (mandioca de mesa, cana-de-açúcar para rapadura, galinha caipira de corte, suínos, hortaliças e abelha melífera) e agricultura empresarial (produção de grãos). A proposição de sistemas melhorados visa a subsidiar as atividades de planejamento das ações de intervenção nas microbacias, contempladas em outras atividades do projeto.bitstream/CNPGC-2009-09/12412/1/DOC164.pd

Efeito alelopático do extrato bruto de Brachiaria decumbens na germinação e no vigor de sementes e de plântulas de Brachiaria brizantha.

Objetivou-se identificar os possíveis efeitos alelopáticos produzidos pelo extrato bruto de um acesso da coleção de Brachiaria spp da Embrapa Gado de Corte, denominado Brachiaria decumbens BRA001996 na germinação, no vigor de sementes e no vigor de plântulas de três cultivares de B. brizantha (cvs. Marandu, BRS Piatã e Xaraés). As sementes das cultivares foram semeadas em papel germitest, colocadas em gerbox e incubadas em câmara climática com fotoperíodo controlado. Utilizaram-se quatro repetições de 100 sementes para os testes de germinação e vigor e 25 sementes para o teste de vigor de plântulas. O extrato bruto foi obtido das folhas da gramínea, por meio de técnica laboratorial utilizada para detecção e quantificação de avaliação de saponinas esteroidais. Foram avaliadas duas testemunhas: uma somente com água destilada e outra com água destilada e acrescida de 1% de DMSO e quatro concentrações: 1,85g/mL (10%); 3,7g/mL (20%); 5,55g/mL (30%) e 9,25 mg/mL (50%), totalizando seis tratamentos. Observou-se efeito ?dose-resposta? inibitório significativo (P<0,05) em todos as variáveis avaliadas, nas sementes das três cultivares estudadas. Sabendo-se que os compostos hormonais agem estimulando ou inibindo o metabolismo celular, sugere-se que os efeitos alelopáticos observados no presente trabalho possam estar relacionados ao efeito direto das saponinas esteroidais nas células das sementes e das plântulas das B. brizantha avaliadas. Conclui-se que o extrato bruto de Brachiaria decumbens BRA001996 reduz o vigor e a germinação das sementes, bem como o vigor das plântulas de Brachiaria brizantha, cultivares Xaraés, Piatã e Marandu.bitstream/item/68749/1/DOC188.pd

Performance and grazing behavior of growing goats supplemented with palm tree fruit.

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the performance and ingestive behavior of growing goats grazing on Tanzania guinea grass and fed diets containing 40% carnauba or tucum fruits. Twenty-one male castrated goats were distributed into three groups, one exclusively on pasture and the other two on pasture and fed diet supplemented at the level of 1.5% body weight (BW) in a completely randomized design. The intake of the supplements was obtained by difference between the amount supplied and the leftovers, with weighing performed every seven days, while pasture intake was determined using titanium dioxide (TiO2) as external indicator. Ingestive behavior was evaluated for three days. The supplement containing carnauba fruit resulted in a greater intake of neutral detergent fiber (0.137 kg NDF/day), with a reduction of 8.61% in the pasture dry matter (DM) intake of goats. Associated with the intake of pasture nutrients, the tucum fruit diet met the protein (0.103 kg CP/day) and energetic (0.547 kg TDN/day) requirements of goats with intake set at 0.124 kg CP/day and 0.572 kg TDN/day, with higher weight gain (0.111 kg/day) and larger loin eye area (12.76 cm2). The supplementation with fruits influenced the grazing behavior of goats, increasing the idle time by 1 h in relation to animals not supplemented. The supplementation of growing goats grazing on Tanzania guinea grass pasture with a diet containing 40% tucum fruit, in the proportion of 1.5% BW, did not meet the nutritional requirements for gain of 150 g/day; however, it met requirements for maintenance and average gain of 111 g/day. Energy supplementation reduces the grazing time of goats; thus, it is necessary to consider the level and formulation of supplements, with the possibility of increasing the stocking rate and productivity per unit area

Hydrolyzed sugarcane tip hay constitutes alternative forage in diets for finishing sheep.

The balance of nitrogen compounds was evaluated in finishing sheep fed diets containing hydrolyzed sugarcane tip hay. The experiment was carried out at the DZO/CCA/UFPI, in Teresina, PI, Brazil