Diabetes mellitus en COVID-19: ¿factor de riesgo o factor pronóstico?

Antecedentes y propósito: la diabetes mellitus es una de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles de mayor prevalencia en el mundo. La frecuencia con la que se reporta en los pacientes con COVID-19 es alta. Sin embargo, no es claro si las personas que padecen diabetes mellitus tienen un mayor riesgo de infección o, si una vez infectados, tienen un peor pronóstico. Nuestro propósito fue revisar y analizar la información disponible de COVID-19 y diabetes mellitus e intentar entender mejor el riesgo al que están expuestas las personas con diabetes mellitus durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Métodos: se revisaron las bases de datos PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Google Scholar, Scopus y Epistemonikos en búsqueda de registros nacionales epidemiológicos y revisiones sistemáticas, utilizando los términos “Diabetes Mellitus” “COVID-19”, “Factores de riesgo”, “Pronostico”, “Cuidado Critico”, “Insuficiencia Respiratoria” y “Muerte”. Se seleccionaron para análisis las revisiones sistemáticas de las comorbilidades en pacientes con COVID-19, las que analizaban el curso de la enfermedad y los factores pronósticos en pacientes con COVID-19 y aquellas que incluían modelos de pronóstico. Resultados: la información disponible sugiere que la diabetes mellitus es una comorbilidad frecuente en las personas con COVID-19, pero es difícil diferenciar si esto es debido a la alta prevalencia de la diabetes mellitus o a un riesgo más alto de infección. Las personas con diabetes mellitus parecieran tener un riesgo más alto de presentar una forma grave o de morir a causa de la COVID-19

Manejo ambulatorio del paciente con diabetes en tiempos de COVID-19

El tratamiento ambulatorio de pacientes con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT) ofrece retos interesantes en el contexto de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), que exigen un análisis individual de la diabetes. Es a lugar discutir elementos del tratamiento ambulatorio: desde implementación de modelos específicos, recomendaciones de cambios en el estilo de vida, orientación en comorbilidades, identificación de factores de riesgo adicionales, hasta sugerencias en cada uno de los grupos farmacológicos que acá competen. Todo lo anterior con el propósito de brindar el mejor soporte a los pacientes en el panorama no hospitalario

Metodología para la medición de la huella hídrica en la producción de tilapia, cachama y trucha: estudios de caso para el Valle del Cauca (Colombia)

(Eng) The pisciculture sector in Colombia, has grown 13% annually between 1988 and 2013, and it is the sixth major water user. Considering the influence that pisciculture has over the water resources, the water footprint of pisciculture was studied as a sustainability indicator, a method was developed to estimate the water footprint of the sector, which include not only the direct and indirect components, but also the green, blue and grey water footprint. The method was applied to the three most produced species in the country: tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), cachama (Piaractus brachypomus) and trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), to corresponding case studies in Valle del Cauca, Colombia. It was found that the water footprint of tilapia culture is 5,486 m3/Ton, cachama culture is 6,193 m3/Ton, and trout culture is 19,854 m3/Ton. The highest total water footprint for tilapia was that of the concentrated feed, followed by the blue water footprint, associated with the amount of water that remains stored in the ponds, whereas for the cachama and trout, the highest water footprint was grey, due to the high concentrations of solids and nutrients present in fish excretions and unconsumed feed.(Spa) El sector piscícola en Colombia creció en promedio 13% anual de 1988 a 2013 y es el sexto mayor usuario de agua en el país. Considerando la presión que ejerce la producción piscícola sobre las fuentes de agua, se estudió la huella hídrica (HH) de la piscicultura como un indicador de sostenibilidad. Para ello se desarrolló una metodología que mide la HH en el sector, que incluye sus componentes directos e indirectos, así como las huellas hídricas verde, azul y gris. La metodología se aplicó a las tres especies piscícolas más producidas en el país: tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), cachama (Piaractus brachypomus) y trucha (Oncorhynchus mykiss), para sendos casos de estudio en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Se encontró que la HH total del cultivo de tilapia es de 5,486 m3/Ton, la del cultivo de cachama de 6,193 m3/Ton y la del cultivo de trucha de 19,854 m3/Ton. La huella hídrica total más alta para la tilapia fue la del alimento concentrado, seguida por la huella hídrica azul, asociada a la cantidad de agua que permanece almacenada en los estanques; en la cachama y trucha la mayor huella hídrica total fue la gris, relacionada con las altas concentraciones de sólidos y nutrientes, presentes en las excretas de los peces y en el alimento concentrado no consumido

RESISTENCIA A LA FRACTURA DE PREMOLARES TRATADOS ENDODÓNTICAMENTE, RESTAURADOS CON DOS SISTEMAS DE PERNOS Y NÚCLEO

Objetivos: Medir la resistencia a la fractura en premolares tratados endodónticamente, restaurados condos sistemas de pernos (Colados/ Prefabricados) y analizar el patrón de fractura que se produce en laraíces. Materiales y Métodos: a 60 premolares humanos monorradiculares se les realizó la terapiaendodóntica. Se dividió la muestra aleatoriamente en dos grupos (30 c/u), el grupo 1 (G1FV) se restaurócon pernos prefabricados de Fibra de Vidrio (Ángelus®) y el grupo 2 (G2C) con pernos colados dealeación base (Orca Plus /Ventura), utilizando cemento resinoso Nexus 2 (Kerr), los 2/3 coronales deambos grupos fueron restaurados con resina compuesta híbrida (Glacier A1/ SDI). Las muestras fueroncargadas a una velocidad de 2mm/min y a una angulación de 30° con el eje longitudinal del diente en lamáquina de prueba universal (Shimadzu AGS- J), la resistencia a la fractura fue medida en newtons yanalizada con ANOVA de una vía; por medio de la observación directa y Rx se determinó el patrón defractura que fue analizado con X² y Prueba Z. Resultados: En relación a resistencia a la fractura no hubodiferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos (p=0,741). En cuanto al patrón de fractura seobservó diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos estudiados (Zc=4,47). Conclusiones:En las condiciones en las que se realizó esta investigación se observó que los dos sistemas de perno ynúcleo resisten de manera similar a las tensiones inducidas. En cuanto al patrón de fractura radicular enel G1FV se producen menor número de fracturas no reparables cuando se compararon con el G2C.Fracture resistance in endodontically treated premolars restored with two systems of posts.Summary:Objective: The purpose of this research was to compare the fracture resistance of human premolarsrestored with prefabricated fiber glass posts and custom cast post and to analyze the nature of the rootfracture patterns. Methods: 60 human monoradicular premolars were prepared with endodontic therapyand randomly assigned to one of two groups: group 1 (G1FV) recovered with prefabricated fiber glassposts (Ángelus) or group 2 (G2C) with custom cast base alloy posts (Orca /Ventura Extra) using resinousluting cement (Nexus2/Kerr). 2/3 of the crowns were restored with hybrid composite (Glacier A1/SDI).The samples were loaded at a speed of 2mm/min and to a 30° angulation with the longitudinal axis of thetooth in the universal testing machine (Shimadzu AGS- J).The fracture resistance was recorded andanalyzed with one way ANOVA. The nature of the root fracture patterns was determined through directobservation and Rx; these data were analyzed with X² and Z test. Results: After the ANOVA analysis nostatistically significant differences were observed in relation to fracture resistance between groups (p =0,741). However, significant differences were found for the nature of the root fracture between thegroups (Zc=4, 47). Conclusions: Under the conditions of this study, both systems of posts have asimilar fracture resistance. In relation to root fracture patterns, there are less catastrophic fractures inthe G1FV when compared to G2C

Agronomic characterization of pigmented native corn populations (Zea mays L.)

ABSTRACT Objective: We performed the agronomical characterization of 52 pigmented corn populations from the state of Coahuila in order to identify those with outstanding agronomical potential and also to establish the genetic background of a breeding program focused in the improvement of varieties with grain yield potential, adaptation capacity to the regional production conditions and of superior nutritional and bioactive contents. Design/methodology: Through an incomplete block design in an alpha lattice arrangement, we evaluated two experiments in two representative locations of the southeastern agricultural area of Coahuila: a) Yellow populations, mostly from Tuxpeño, Ratón and Tuxpeño Norteño races and b) Anthocyanic populations (blue, red and purple), mainly represented by Cónico Norteño, Elotes Cónicos and Ratón races. Results: The results showed a contrasting environmental effect between locations, with differences in grain yield up to 78 %; a 25 days’ difference in flowering, 53 cm in plant height and up to 8 plants without ear; this performance was due to the agricultural potential of each location. We observed that in both locations the yellow populations outstanding by their superior performance were: from the Tuxpeño race: COAH068, COAH089, COAH177 and COAH215, and Celaya race: COAH075. The outstanding anthocyanin populations were: Ratón race: COAH23 and COAH203, Elotes Cónicos race: COAH246 and COAH019, and Elotes Occidentales race: COAH021. Also we found populations with adaptation to a location. Conclusions: We consider that among the diversity of the pigmented corn from Coahuila there are populations of superior agronomic expression that could be used as the genetic background to improve the production and the nutritional quality of the grain and the food products that can be derived from them.Objective: To characterize agronomically 52 populations of pigmented native corn (Zea mays L.) from Coahuila, Mexico, in order to identify varieties with outstanding agronomic potential and to establish an improvement program with potential for grain yield, with the ability to adapt, and superior nutritional bioactive content. Design/Methodology: Two experiments were evaluated through an incomplete block design in lattice alpha arrangement, in two localities that are representative of the agricultural area of southeastern Coahuila: a) Yellow populations, mostly of Tuxpeño, Ratón and Tuxpeño Norteño; and b) Anthocyanin populations (blue, red and purple), represented primarily by Cónico Norteño, Elotes Cónicos and Ratón. Results: There is an environmental effect that contrasts between localities, with differences in grain yield of up to 78%; 25 days of difference in flowering, 53 cm in plant height, and up to seven plants without cobs. The response was product of the agricultural potential in each locality. The outstanding yellow populations due to their superior yield expression in both localities were the landraces Tuxpeño: COAH068, COAH089, COAH177 and COAH215, and Celaya: COAH075. The outstanding anthocyanin populations were Ratón: COAH23 and COAH203; Elotes Cónicos: COAH246 and COAH019; and Elotes Occidentales: COAH021; in addition, the study found populations adapted to a locality. Conclusion: Among the diversity of the pigmented native corn in Coahuila, there are populations with superior agronomic expression that can be the basis for improving the production, the nutritional quality of the grain, and therefore, of its byproducts

Population Fluctuation of Disonycha teapensis Blake (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Crotalaria longirostrata Hook. & Arn. (Fabales: Fabaceae) in Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico

Objective: To know the population fluctuation of adults and larvae of D. teapensis, and to determine its relationship with the amount of damaged foliage, temperature and precipitation Methodology: The study was carried out in a culture of C. longirostrata of 48 plants. Weekly data were recorded on the number of adults and larvae, percentage of damaged leaflets, phenology of the plants, temperature and precipitation. With these data, monthly averages were calculated, and correlation analyzes were performed between the population fluctuation of D. teapensis and the fluctuation of the percentage of damaged foliage, temperature and precipitation. Results: The pest occurred in all phenological stages of C. longirostrata, with constant population growth. The population fluctuation was similar to the fluctuation of the percentage of damaged foliage, with a significant positive correlation between both variables. Respect to temperature and precipitation, the correlation was negative but not significant, so the relationship between population fluctuation and that of these climatic factors is not clear. Limitations on study: It was not possible to conduct the study for a full year. Conclusions: The population development of Disonycha teapensis is dependent on the increase in the amount of foliage of its host plant. This insect attacks plants in all their phenological stages and the amount of damaged foliage is considerable. Keywords: Chrysomeloidea, population, chipilin.Objective: To establish the population fluctuation of Disonycha teapensis adults and larvae and to determine its relationship with the amount of damaged foliage, temperature, and precipitation. Methodology: The study was carried out in a n=48 Crotalaria longirostrata plant crop. The following data was recorded every week: number of adults and larvae, damaged leaflets percentage, plant phenology, temperature, and precipitation. Based on these data, monthly averages were calculated, and correlation analysis were performed between the population fluctuation of D. teapensis and the fluctuation of the damaged foliage percentage, temperature, and precipitation. Results: All the phenological stages of C. longirostrata were affected by the pest, which showed a constant population growth. The population fluctuation resembled the fluctuation of the damaged foliage percentage, with a significant positive correlation between both variables. Regarding temperature and precipitation, the correlation was negative but not significant; therefore, the relationship between population fluctuation and these climatic factors is not clear. Study Limitations: It was not possible to conduct the study for a full year. Conclusions: The population development of D. teapensis depends on the increase in the amount of foliage of its host plant. This insect attacks plants in all their phenological stages and the amount of damaged foliage is considerable

A cross-sectional study of Colombian University students’ self-perceived lifestyle

Background: The Fantastic Lifestyle Questionnaire was designed for enabling staff working in health sciences and physical activity (PA) areas to measure lifestyles (LS) in the general population. The aim of this study was to assess the lifestyle in a sample of university students. Method: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study involving 5,921 subjects’ aged 18- to 30-years-old (3,471 females) from three Colombian cities. Was applied “Fantastic” instrument (that consists of 25 closed items on the lifestyle), translated to Spanish in versions of three and five answers. Results: Having a “good LS” was perceived by 57.4% of the females and 58.5% of the males; 14.0% of the females rating their LS as being “excellent” and males 19.3% (p  less than  0.001); 20.3% of the females and 36.6% of the males stated that they spent more than 20 min/day on PA (involving four or more times per week). Negative correlations between FANTASTIC score and weight (r = ?0.113; p  less than  0.01), body mass index (BMI) (r = ?0.152; p  less than  0.01) and waist circumference (r = ?0.178, p  less than  0.01) were observed regarding females, whilst the correlation concerning males was (r = ?0.143, p  less than  0.05) between Fantastic score and weight, (r = ?0.167 for BMI, p  less than  0.01) and (r = ?0.175, p  less than  0.01 for diastolic blood pressure). In spite of the students being evaluated referring to themselves as having a healthy LS (i.e. giving a self-perceived view of their LS), stated behaviour involving a health risk was observed in the domains concerning nutrition, PA and smoking. Conclusion: Specific diffusion, education and intervention action is thus suggested for motivating the adoption of healthy LS. © 2015, Ramírez-Vélez et al

Sistemas agropastoriles para la altillanura colombiana

Las sabanas de la altillanura plana en la Orinoquia colombiana (3.100.000 ha), actualmente subutilizadas con una ganadería extensiva en pasturas naturales de bajo poder nutricional, representan un gran potencial para lo producción agrícola y animal. Sus suelos presentan características particulares tanto físicas, químicas y biológicas que ameritan un manejo especial. La investigación en cultivos para incorporar estas áreas a la producción de alimentos, a través de la generacion de variedades mejoradas tolerantes a la ácidez del suelo, ha sido liderada por ICA-CORPOICA. Para la producción animal, se han introducido conjuntamente con CIAT, pasturas y leguminosas forrajeras de alto potencial genético. Este germoplasma disponible es fuente importante para la producción sostenible de la Orinoquia colombiana, para lo cual es necesario desarrollar las recomendaciones técnicas para un uso eficiente y racional del recurso suelo, bajo el modelo de sistemas integrados de producción, que contribuyan con el establecimiento de pasturas mejoradas a bajo costo para aumentar productividad. La evaluación de sistemas agropastorieles se viene realizando en la finca La Maloca, a 31 km de Puerto López vía Puerto Gaitánm en suelos Clase IV con una saturación de aluminio inicial del 86 por ciento, 2 ppm de P y 2.5 por ciento de materia orgánica

Comparación de dos métodos usados para el reconocimiento de arritmias: experimento educativo controlado en estudiantes de medicina

Antecedentes. La habilidad para reconocer arritmias es esencial para los proveedores de reanimación cardiopulmonar avanzada. El desarrollo de esta habilidad es dispendioso y no se han identificado las mejores estrategias educativas para optimizar este proceso.Objetivo. Evaluar y comparar la efectividad y recordación de dos métodos de aprendizaje usados por estudiantes de medicina para reconocer arritmias cardíacas.Material y métodos. El estudio incluyó 99 estudiantes de medicina que se asignaron aleatoriamente a dos grupos. En un grupo se enseñó un método de cuatro pasos (n=51) y en el otro un método de diez pasos (n=48). En cada grupo se enseñó el método respectivo en una conferencia de 60 minutos de duración. Después se realizó una prueba específica para cada grupo con el fin de evaluar la percepción de “facilidad”, el uso y la recordación de cada método. Adicionalmente se evaluó la capacidad para reconocer arritmias en una prueba práctica general para los dos grupos.Resultados. Las características de base no eran diferentes entre los dos grupos antes de la asignación aleatoria. La capacidad para reconocer arritmias fue mejor en el grupo de cuatro pasos, porque aumenta la proporción de estudiantes con puntajes mayor o igual a 30 puntos sobre 50 (82% vs 19%; RR 4.39, IC 95% 2.40-8.02; NNT 2), aumenta la mediana de puntajes (34 ± 8 vs 23 ± 8; valor