Influence of the toxic effect of zinc and mineral starvation on the growth and development of buckwheat plantlets <i>in vitro</i>

Background. Common buckwheat is a cereal crop with high potential for genetic improvement in terms of developing breeding material resistant to abiotic stressors. To date, there have been no reports on in vitro production of buckwheat plantlets resistant to high doses of zinc and a lack of macronutrients.   Materials and methods. Aseptic single-node cuttings from the obtained regenerated plants of common buckwheat cultivars ‘Dikul’ and ‘Izumrud’ were cultivated in vitro on nutrient media with the addition of the selection factor ZnSO4 × 7 H2O in a concentration of 808–1313 mg/L. Survived plants were microcloned on nutrient media without macrosalts for mineral starvation modeling. Morphological traits and general nonspecific adaptation reactions of the plantlets were evaluated for the following characteristics: plant height, the number of internodes, the number of leaves, leaf blade length, the presence of roots, and leaf color.   Results. According to the results of the 33-day cultivation of test-tube microcuttings on media with zinc toxicity, 33–91 % of lines resistant to ionic stress were selected in different variants. The secondary testing of the plantlets under conditions of mineral starvation in vitro turned out to be the strongest inhibitory factor for buckwheat. At the same time, high resistance to stress was observed in cv. ‘Dikul’. Cultivation of the obtained buckwheat lines on the MS nutrient medium for two passages showed a sufficiently high level of regeneration in the studied genotypes. The test-tube buckwheat plantlets obtained under selective conditions are promising material for further breeding as well as for studying the possibility of their use as phytoremediators

Adaptive potential of spring durum wheat (<i>Triticum durum</i> Desf.) under the conditions of Primorsky Territory

Background. The research goal was to study spring durum wheat cultivars from different regions of Russia to select those that were most adapted to the conditions of Primorsky Territory and had high yield and grain quality.Materials and methods. The adaptive potential of 16 genotypes was determined through multi-environment trials at the Federal Scientific Center of Agricultural Biotechnology of the Far East named after A.K. Chaika in 2017–2021.Results. Considerable potential for high productivity was revealed in the cultivars: ‘Solnechnaya 573’ (3.9 t/ha), ‘Donskaya elegiya’ (3.8 t/ha), ‘Lyudmila’ (3.8 t/ha), ‘Omskii izumrud’ (3.8 t/ha), and ‘Voronezhskaya 7’ (3.8 t/ha). Cvs. ‘Pamyati Yanchenko’ (–2.1), ‘Zhemchuzhina Sibiri’ (–2.4), and ‘Voronezhskaya 7’ (–2.4) displayed significant stress resistance. ‘Lyudmila’ (4.2) and ‘Donskaya elegiya’ (4.0) had high genetic plasticity and produced high yields in the years with favorable conditions. The adaptability coefficient of cvs. ‘Solnechnaya 573’ (112.5%) and ‘Voronezhskaya 7’ (111.0%) exceeded 100%. ‘Donskaya elegiya’, ‘Lyudmila’, ‘Aleiskaya’, and ‘Voronezhskaya 9’ demonstrated the highest plasticity (bi &gt; 1). The most stable cultivars were ‘Omskii tsirkon’ (S2di – 0.00), ‘Pamyati Yanchenko’ (S2di – 0.02), ‘Voronezhskaya 7’ (S2di – 0.04), ‘Aleiskaya’ (S2di – 0.05), ‘Nikolasha’ (S2di – 0.06), and ‘Omskaya biryuza’ (S2di – 0.08). ‘Voronezhskaya 7’ and ‘Pamyati Yanchenko’ were able to produce an increased yield and had the minimum yield loss under unfavorable conditions (the indicator of the yield stability of the cultivars was 134.9 and 144.8, respectively). ‘Pamyati Yanchenko’ (4.8 and 1.9, respectively) and ‘Voronezhskaya 7’ (3.5 and 2.0, respectively) showed high homeostatic capacity and breeding value.Conclusions. ‘Voronezhskaya 7’ and ‘Solnechnaya 573’ were selected on the basis of complex evaluation for yield and adaptability under the local conditions. They can be recommended for further breeding and production

Оценка сортов картофеля на пригодность к переработке на хрустящий картофель и фри в условиях Приморского края

Significance. Potato products seem to be gaining popularity in Russia, especially potato chips and french fries. The processing of potato into food products reduces storage losses and the amount of transportation needed and allows the nutritional potential of potato to be harnessed fully. However, only a minor part of all produced potato is processed in Primorsky kray by small-scale enterprises. The lack of high quality raw material is the main reason for that. The research aim was to evaluate potato varieties from our collection nursery for the traits that determine potato suitability for the production of potato chips and french fries.Materials and methods. The research was carried out in the experimental fields of the Department of potato breeding and horticulture, FSBIS “Federal Scientific Center of Agricultural Biotechnology of the Far East named after A.K. Chaiki”, in 2019-2021. One hundred and eighty potato hybrids of various origin and from different maturity groups were used as the research object. The evaluation was conducted according to the guidelines on the assessment of potato varieties for their suitability for processing and storage with a few additions.Results. The conditions in 2019 were the most favorable for yield formation in medium-early (32.3 t/ha), mid-season (31.9 t/ha) and medium-late (33.1 t/ha) varieties. Early varieties were observed to have the highest mean yield in 2021 (34.0 t/ha). Biochemical parameters (the dry matter content) and the content of reducing sugars were optimal (22-24 % and less than 0.26 %, respectively) in varieties Vektar, Zhuravinka, Darnitsa, Pamyati Rogacheva, Lady Rosetta, VR 808. The morphological parameters (the shape of tubers, the quantity and depth of potato eyes) of varieties Severnyi, Bryanskii delikates, Danaya, Kurazh, Sante, Dubrava, Nayada made them the most suitable for the production of potato chips. Varieties Kolette, Narka, Innovator, Vdokhnovenie were determined to be the most suitable for processing into french fries. Based on the complex of morphological and biochemical parameters, 29 potato varieties were selected for the production of potato chips and 26 varieties were approved for the production of french fries. The degree of suitability varied from 6.4 to 8 points. Under the conditions of Primorsky kray, varieties Sante, Tanai, Nayada. Alyaska, Krasa Meshchery, Kazachok generate the most interest for the production of potato chips. Varieties Liga, Vesna Belaya, Udacha, Utenok, Charodei, Ocharovanie, Rikarda appear to be the most suitable for processing into french fries. These varieties have a high degree of suitability after harvest and good yield.Актуальность. Производство картофелепродуктов в России приобретает всю большую популярность, особенно изготовление хрустящего картофеля и замороженного фри. Переработка картофеля на продукты питания позволяет сократить транспортные перевозки, потери при хранении и полнее использовать пищевую ценность картофеля. При этом в Приморском крае перерабатывается лишь незначительная часть картофеля небольшими предприятиями. Связано это в первую очередь с недостатком качественного сырья, отвечающего требованиям переработки. Целью исследований являлось изучение сортов картофеля коллекционного питомника по основным признакам, определяющим пригодность к переработке на хрустящий картофель и фри.Материалы и методы. Работа выполнена на экспериментальной базе отдела картофелеводства и овощеводства ФГБНУ «ФНЦ агробиотехнологий Дальнего Востока им. А.К. Чайки» в 2019-2021 годах. Объектом исследований являлись 180 образцов картофеля различного происхождения и срока созревания. Оценку выполняли в соответствии с методическими указаниями по оценке сортов картофеля на пригодность к переработке и хранению с небольшими дополнения.Результаты. Наиболее благоприятным по формированию урожайности для среднеранних (32,3 т/га), среднеспелых (31,9 т/га) и среднепоздних (33,1 т/га) сортов являлся 2019 год. Максимальная средняя урожайность у сортообразцов раннего срока созревания (34,0 т/га) отмечена в 2021 году. По оптимальным биохимическим показателям (содержание сухого вещества (22-24%) и массовой доли редуцирующих сахаров (не более 0,26%) выделены сорта: Вектар, Журавинка, Дарница, Памяти Рогачева, Леди Розетта, ВР 808. По морфологическим параметрам (форма клубня, количество и глубина залегания глазков) на хрустящий картофель: Северный, Брянский деликатес, Даная, Кураж, Сантэ, Дубрава, Наяда; на картофель фри: Колетте, Нарка, Инноватор, Вдохновение. По комплексу морфологических и биохимических признаков выделены: для переработки на хрустящий картофель 29 сортов и для производства картофеля фри – 26, имеющих разную степень пригодности (8-6,4 балла). В условиях Приморского края наибольший интерес представляют сорта на хрустящий картофель (Сантэ, Танай, Наяда. Аляска, Краса Мещеры, Казачок), картофель фри (Лига, Весна Белая, Удача, Утенок, Чародей, Очарование, Рикарда), имеющие высокий балл пригодности для переработки в послеуборочный период и хорошую урожайность

Items from Germany-The impact of Rht alleles on cross-pollination efficiency traits with relevance for hybrid breeding in wheat

Hybrid breeding and the ability to exploit heterosis is one of a few high-priority wheat breeding strategies that have the potential to rapidly improve yield and stability. Yield improvements associated with hybrid vigor were demonstrated to be in the order of a 10–25% increase in grain yield as well as improved resistance against biotic/abiotic stresses and grain quality. Faced with these scenarios, the identification of factors affecting the development of hybrid wheats is of fundamental importance in order to accelerate the rate of genetic gain of the crop. Due to the prevalence and usefulness of Rht ‘Green revolution’ dwarfing alleles, it is important to gain a better understanding of how these alleles affect those traits related to the development of hybrid wheat seed production. Up to now, the expected influence of these alleles/ genes on wheat flowering-related traits was evaluated based on mapping populations or genome-wide association studies, without taking into account the actual effect of each Rht allele in particular. In this project, we propose to explore the effect of different Rht alleles using many near-isogenic lines. The experiments were performed at the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK Gatersleben, Germany) and the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Forestry (National University of La Plata, Argentina) during three growing seasons. Four sets of NILs carrying the alleles of Rht genes: Rht1 (Rht-B1b/Rht-D1a), Rht2 (Rht-B1a/Rht-D1b), Rht3 (Rht-B1c/Rht-D1a), Rht 1+2 (Rht-B1b/ Rht-D1b), Rht 2+3 (Rht-B1c/Rht-D1b), and rht (tall; Rht-B1a/Rht-D1a) in the genetic backgrounds of the wheat cultivars April Bearded, Bersee, Maris Huntsman, and Maris Widgeon were evaluated. Traits associated with cross-pollination efficiency (flowering date, plant height, spike length, anther extrusion, anther and filament length, and spikelets/spike) were studied. Preliminary results showed that the extreme dwarf alleles Rht3, Rht1+2, and Rht2+3 presented the greatest effects in all the variables analyzed. Plant height showed reductions from 22–25% (Rht1 and Rht2), 50–57% (Rht3 and Rht1+2), and 66% (Rht2+3) compared to rht (tall). Spike length was increased up to 14% (Rht1+2 vs. rht) and 3–9% for the rest of Rht alleles compared to rht, whereas spikelets/spike were increased up to 6% (Rht2+3 vs. rht). In comparison to rht (tall), the floral organs were negatively influenced by Rht alleles; decreases from 8–13% (Rht 1, Rht2, and Rht3) to 17–25% (Rht1+2 and Rht2+3) in anther length, and reductions from 16–44% in filament length were observed. For their part, anthers extrusion decreased between 15–27% (Rht1, Rht2, and Rht3) to 32–35% for Rht1+2 and Rht2+3 compared with that of rht. No significant differences were detected for flowering time among the alleles evaluated. These preliminary results indicate that Rht alleles combination are involved in multiple traits of interest for hybrid wheat production in breeding programs. Moreover, the magnitude of the negative impact of Rht alleles on floral organs depends on the combination of the alleles involved.Fil: Schierenbeck, Matías. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Leibniz Institute Of Plant Genetics And Crop Plant Research.; AlemaniaFil: Börner, A.. Leibniz Institute Of Plant Genetics And Crop Plant Research.; AlemaniaFil: Aleksandrov, V.. No especifíca;Fil: Alqudah, A. M.. No especifíca;Fil: Chebatareva, M. V.. No especifíca;Fil: Esquisabel, E.. No especifíca;Fil: Golik, S. I.. No especifíca;Fil: Kartseva, T.. No especifíca;Fil: Klykov, A. G.. No especifíca;Fil: Pshenichnikova, M. S.. No especifíca;Fil: Röder, V. P.. No especifíca;Fil: Shamanin, L. V.. No especifíca;Fil: Shchukina, M. R.. No especifíca;Fil: Simón, V. I.. No especifíca;Fil: Yakubovskiy, K.. No especifíca;Fil: Zaynali, Nezhad. No especifíca

Применение методов биотехнологии в безвирусном семеноводстве картофеля

Relevance. Plants of potato varieties are carriers of viral pathogens in a latent form. These viruses can be transmitted to clonal progeny of the carriers. The system of virus-free seed production facilitates the elimination of the viruses in seed potatoes and preserves the high productivity of potato varieties. The research goal was to develop a scheme for virus elimination in potato using biotechnological methods and to introduce this scheme in the production of virus-free tubers under the conditions of Primorsky krai.Material and methods. New promising variety Moryak (breeding number Pri-08-11-1), which was created in FSBSI “FSC of Agricultural Biotechnology of the Far East named after A.K. Chaiki”, was used as the research object. The mean yield of the new genotype is 34.1 t/ha, the potential yield is 40.1 t/ha. The dry matter content is 18.13-23.85%, the starch content is 12.10-17.24%, and the content of vitamin C is 17.46-23.12 mg/100 g. This variety has a high keeping quality of tubers (92.2-94.4%) and resistance to excessive soil moisture. Tissue culture and chemotherapy in combination with ribavirin (a concentration of 0.02-0.03%) and chitosan (0.01-0.1%) were used for virus elimination. Sprouts from the original tubers and plantlets were tested by EIA and qPCR for latent infection (PVX, PVY, PVA, PVS, PVM, PLRV).Results. A sequential increase in the concentration of ribavirin (from 0.02 to 0.03%) and chitosan (from 0.01 to 0.1%) and their alternation in different passages proved to be an effective method for virus elimination in plantlets. As the result of the research, the new scheme for the elimination of the most economically important potato viruses was developed and introduced, and virus-free seed material was obtained.Актуальность. Растения сортов картофеля являются носителями вирусных патогенов в латентной форме, которые передаются клоновому потомству. Освобождение семенного картофеля от вирусной инфекции и сохранение высокопродуктивных качеств сортов обеспечивается системой безвирусного семеноводства картофеля. Цель исследований – разработать схему оздоровления картофеля с использованием методов биотехнологии и применить ее в безвирусном семеноводстве в условиях Приморского края.Материал и методика. В качестве объекта исследования был взят перспективный сорт картофеля Моряк (селекционный номер При-08-11-1), созданный в ФГБНУ «ФНЦ агробиотехнологий Дальнего Востока им. А.К. Чайки». Средняя урожайность нового генотипа – 34,1 т/га, потенциальная – 40,1 т/га. Содержание сухого вещества – 18,13…23,85 %, крахмала – 12,10…17,24%, витамина С – 17,46…23,12 мг/100 г. Обладает устойчивостью к переувлажнению почвы, характеризуется высокой лежкоспособностью (92,2…94,4%). В процессе оздоровления применяли метод культуры ткани in vitro с химиотерапией, используя противовирусные препараты рибавирин (концентрация 0,02…0,03 %) и хитозан (0,01…0,1%). Проростки исходных клубней и микрорастения тестировали методами ИФА и ПЦР анализа RQ/Ct на скрытую зараженность такими хозяйственно значимыми вирусами, как PVX, PVY, PVA, PVS, PVM, PLRV.Результаты. Последовательное увеличение концентрации противовирусных препаратов рибавирина (с 0,02 до 0,03%) и хитозана (с 0,01 до 0,1%) и их чередование в разных пассажах – эффективный прием в оздоровлении микрорастений. В результате исследований разработана и применена схема по освобождению картофеля от хозяйственно значимых вирусов и получен оздоровленный материал

First Community-Wide, Comparative Cross-Linking Mass Spectrometry Study

The number of publications in the field of chemical cross-linking combined with mass spectrometry (XL-MS) to derive constraints for protein three-dimensional structure modeling and to probe protein-protein interactions has increased during the last years. As the technique is now becoming routine for in vitro and in vivo applications in proteomics and structural biology there is a pressing need to define protocols as well as data analysis and reporting formats. Such consensus formats should become accepted in the field and be shown to lead to reproducible results. This first, community-based harmonization study on XL-MS is based on the results of 32 groups participating worldwide. The aim of this paper is to summarize the status quo of XL-MS and to compare and evaluate existing cross-linking strategies. Our study therefore builds the framework for establishing best practice guidelines to conduct cross-linking experiments, perform data analysis, and define reporting formats with the ultimate goal of assisting scientists to generate accurate and reproducible XL-MS results

ASSESSMENT OF WEEVIL DAMAGE DEGREE OF BUCKWHEAT VARIETIES IN PRIMORSKY KRAI

The basic pest of buckwheat in Primorsky Krai is buckwheat weevil (Rhinoncus sibiricus Faust). The researches established that harmfulness of buckwheat weevil is seen during the whole period of vegetation and productivity loss is about 40% in average. The weevils make small round holes in the leaves, reducing assimilating surface of a leaf, and larvae damage the stem from the first to the fifth nod. It results in the curve of a stam, lodging and fracture. We carried out an assessment of weevil damage degree of buckwheat varieties in ecologic and competitive trials in Primorsky Krai. As a subject of the trials we took 37 varieties, 20 of which were de-veloped in Primorsky RIA, the rest ones were developed in All-Russian research Institute of Legumes and Groats, Tatarsky RIA, Bashkiriya RIA, Institute of Biologic Development after N.K. Koltsov. The carried out study showed that weevil damage degree of buckwheat varieties in ecologic and competitive trials was 42,5-89,3% in the period of germination and – 50,0-99,5% in the period of maturation. Weevil damage degree of leaves and stems didn’t depend on morphotype (indeterminate or determinate), color of flowers, ploidy level, period of vegetation, ecologic-geographical origin of the variety. We extracted a variety ‘Primorskaya 373’ of Primorsky RIA breeding and a determinate variety ‘Dizain’ of RIA of Legumes and Groats breeding, characterized by larvae damage of stem in the period of maturation on 60 and 50% respectively. The damage of a standard variety ‘Izumrud’, which is characterized with high productivity, was 75%

Studying anthocyanins in the skin and flesh of the tubers of some potato hybrids (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i> L.)

Relevance. Today special attention is paid to potato anthocyanins as components of functional food. Increasing interest is generated by research on the use of anthocyanins for the benefit of animals and people in addition to their significant role in the life of plants.   The research goal was to identify the quantitative and qualitative composition of anthocyanins in the tubers of valuable potato hybrids of Primorsky selection.   Five promising potato hybrids (Solanum tuberosum L.) belonging to different groups of maturity and involved in the comparative variety testing by FSBSI “FSC of Agricultural Biotechnology named after A. K. Chaiki” were used as the research object.   The research was carried out under the conditions of field and laboratory experiments in Primorsky kray, Russia, in 2018-2023. The anthocyanins were divided by the method of high-performance liquid chromatography. The anthocyanins were identified by the method of second-order mass spectrometry.   Results. The research evaluated the potato hybrids for the content of anthocyanins in the tissues of the tubers – skin and flesh. The following specimens were determined to have a high content of anthocyanins both in the skin and flesh: Pri-15-12-14 (petunidin-3-arabinoside: 310.0 and 91.1 mg/kg; cyanidin-3-glucoside: 149.8 and 39.8 mg/kg) and Pri-14-52-2 (petunidin-3-arabinoside: 360.0 and 143.0 mg/kg; cyanidin-3-glucoside: 80.4 and 81.2 mg/kg). The selected specimens were characterized by purple and blue-purple skin. Genotypes Pri-14-52-2 and Pri-15-12-14 had tuber flesh with purple pigmentation. Hybrids Pri-15-12-14 and Pri-14-52-2 had the highest total content of anthocyanins in the flesh – 130.9 and 224.2 mg/kg, respectively. The conducted research identified eight different anthocyanins in the tubers of the studied potato specimens: delphinidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-ramnosil-5-glucoside, petunidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-ramnosil-5-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, and petunidin-3-arabinoside. The tubers with pink and red skin were determined to contain pelargonidin-3-glucoside. Petunidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside colored tuber skin purple. The selected group of specimens might be recommended for use as functional food and in goal-oriented breeding

Using plant extracts for the micropropagation of buckwheat

Background. Various plant hormones are used (cytokinins, auxins) to increase the regeneration efficiency and the net reproduction rate of buckwheat in vitro. However, the growth and development rates of plantlets have been noted to be low under these conditions. For this reason, search for the plant extracts that are able to stimulate the regenerative ability of plants is a promising direction of biotechnological research.Materials and methods. Aseptic single-node cuttings of common buckwheat plantlets (varieties Dikul and Izumrud) were grown on MS nutrient media with plant extracts from Fagopyrum esculentum and Reynoutria japonica (0.1, 0.5, and 1%) for 21 days. The following morphobiological paramaters of the plantlets were evaluated: plant height, the number of internodes, the number of leaves, leaf length, and the number and length of roots.Results. Dealcoholized aqueous solutions of the extracts from F. esculentum and R. japonica in the studied concentrations (0.1-1%) significantly stimulated the growth and development of the buckwheat plantlets increasing their net reproduction rate (4.00-6.00) and rhizogenesis. The media with the plant extracts in concentrations of 0.1-0.5% were observed to produce the strongest positive effect. As the result, the morphobiological characteristics of the plantlets and the success rate of the micropropagation were the highest