Enhancement of the CAVE computer code

The computer code CAVE (Conduction Analysis via Eigenvalues) is a convenient and efficient computer code for predicting two dimensional temperature histories within thermal protection systems for hypersonic vehicles. The capabilities of CAVE were enhanced by incorporation of the following features into the code: real gas effects in the aerodynamic heating predictions, geometry and aerodynamic heating package for analyses of cone shaped bodies, input option to change from laminar to turbulent heating predictions on leading edges, modification to account for reduction in adiabatic wall temperature with increase in leading sweep, geometry package for two dimensional scramjet engine sidewall, with an option for heat transfer to external and internal surfaces, print out modification to provide tables of select temperatures for plotting and storage, and modifications to the radiation calculation procedure to eliminate temperature oscillations induced by high heating rates. These new features are described

An automatic system for determining solar absorptance and thermal emittance of surfaces from spectral normal reflectance measurements

Spectrophotometers, digitizer, and computer system to determine solar absorptance and thermal emittance of surfaces from spectral reflectance measurement

Low-speed dynamic model investigation of Apollo command module configurations in the Langley spin tunnel

Dynamic stability of Apollo command module with and without drogue parachutes at low subsonic speeds in spin tunne

What\u27s New About the New Normal: The Evolving Market for New Lawyers in the 21st Century

Everyone agrees that job prospects for many new law graduates have been poor for the last several years; there is rather less consensus on whether, when, how, or why that may change as the economy recovers from the Great Recession. This Article analyzes historical and current trends in the job market for new lawyers in an effort to predict how that market may evolve. The Article derives quantitative measurements of the proportion of law graduates over the last thirty years who have obtained initial employment for which law school serves as rational substantive preparation (“Law Jobs”). In comparing entry-level hiring patterns since 2008 with those in earlier periods, a significant development emerges: While other sectors of the market for new lawyers have changed only modestly during the Great Recession, one sector—the larger private law firms colloquially known as “BigLaw”—has contracted proportionally six times as much as all the others. Entering BigLaw classes overall are now roughly one-third smaller than they were seven years ago. And though BigLaw hiring has historically accounted for only 10% to 20% of each graduating class, it is responsible for over half the entry-level Law Jobs lost since 2008. While some observers predict a return to business as usual as the economy recovers, this Article is skeptical of that account. The Article identifies significant structural changes in the way that the services BigLaw has traditionally provided are being produced, staffed, and priced that diminish BigLaw’s need for junior lawyers, both immediately and in the longer term. These observations suggest that entry-level BigLaw hiring, and thus the market for new lawyers overall, will remain depressed below pre-recession levels well after demand improves to or beyond pre-recession levels. At the same time, even though entry-level demand may remain static, new lawyers’ job prospects may nevertheless improve as the contraction in the legal academy now underway reduces the number of new graduates competing for work

Perithecial submersion: a method for detecting the effect of compounds on ascus development

Perithecial submersion: a method for detecting the effect of compounds on ascus developmen

Orexin/hypocretin modulation of the basal forebrain cholinergic system: Role in attention

The basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS) plays a role in several aspects of attentional function. Activation of this system by different afferent inputs is likely to influence how attentional resources are allocated. While it has been recognized for some time that the hypothalamus is a significant source of projections to the basal forebrain, the phenotype(s) of these inputs and the conditions under which their regulation of the BFCS becomes functionally relevant are still unclear. The cell bodies of neurons expressing orexin/hypocretin neuropeptides are restricted to the lateral hypothalamus and contiguous perifornical area but have widespread projections, including to the basal forebrain. Orexin fibers and both orexin receptor subtypes are distributed in cholinergic parts of the basal forebrain, where application of orexin peptides increases cell activity and cortical acetylcholine release. Furthermore, disruption of orexin signaling in the basal forebrain impairs the cholinergic response to an appetitive stimulus. in this review, we propose that orexin inputs to the BFCS form an anatomical substrate for links between arousal and attention, and that these interactions might be particularly important as a means by which interoceptive cues bias allocation of attentional resources toward related exteroceptive stimuli. Dysfunction in orexin-acetylcholine interactions may play a role in the arousal and attentional deficits that accompany neurodegenerative conditions as diverse as drug addiction and age-related cognitive decline. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Administering Model-based Patient-specific Supplemental Oxygen Therapy

Purpose: The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve describes the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the percent of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen and varies with chemical and physical factors that differ for every patient. If variability could be determined, patient specific oxygen therapy could be administered. We have developed a procedure for characterizing variations in the oxygen dissociation curve. The purpose of this study was to validate this procedure in surgical patients. Methods: The procedure uses an automated system to alter oxygen therapy and Hill\u27s equation to fit measurements. Once measurements are gathered, the procedure uses an iterative least-squares method to determine best-fit parameters for the Hill equation. The procedure was performed on surgical patients after which model fit was assessed. Results: 39 patients participated in this study. Using patient-specific parameter values increases correlation when compared to standard values. The procedure improved the model fit of patient saturation values significantly in 19 patients. Conclusions: This paper has demonstrated a procedure for determining patient specific pulse oximeter response. This procedure determined best-fit parameters resulting in a significantly improved fit when compared to standard values. These best-fit parameters increased the coefficient of determination R2 in all cases