7,9-Bis(hy­droxy­meth­yl)-7H-purine-2,6,8(1H,3H,9H)trione

The structure of the title uric acid derivative, C7H8N4O5, from human kidney stones, is characterized by the C and O atoms of one of the two hy­droxy­methyl groups being disordered nearly equally over three different sites. In the crystal, mol­ecules are connected by a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding scheme though they look stacked in planes nearly parallel to (04)

Conformational changes of polymers in model batter systems

Cake batters - made of flour, egg, sugar and fat - are complex systems. Ingredients interactions and their impact on protein secondary structure and starch conformational structures were studied in model batter systems using Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The results showed the possibility of using the pregelatinized starch without affecting protein conformation. The estimation of protein secondary structure highlighted the prevalence of \u3b1-helical structures in the model batter system, while \u3b2-sheets are predominant in flour systems as known in dough systems. The protein conformation in batter system is related to fat-protein interactions and could explain fat functionality in the final product. Starch crystallinity increased when each ingredient - except for pregelatinized starches - was added to the flour. Changes in starch conformation could be related to the redistribution of water between the batter ingredients. The overall results highlighted the importance of ingredients on the structural conformation of the batter polymers - starch and proteins - which could be the key factor to understand the functional properties of the batter

Sur les frontières de la reconnaissance

Faisant appel aux études récentes portant sur la reconnaissance et l’identité sociale, nous analysons les changements dans la catégorisation de l’identité collective des groupes stigmatisés en Israël, en Irlande du Nord, au Québec et au Brésil. Alors que la littérature sur la reconnaissance tend à présumer une opposition nette entre « nous » et « eux », l’analyse de la littérature empirique démontre la complexification et la multiplication des catégories d’identité. Dans les quatre cas nous avons observé le processus de reconnaissance, en explorant les transformations de la signification des frontières internes et externes de l’identité collective pour ses membres ainsi que pour ceux qui lui sont extérieurs. Nous soutenons que la nature conditionnelle de la reconnaissance devrait conduire les chercheurs à considérer non seulement les composantes normatives du conflit ethnique mais aussi, en leur accordant une importance particulière, le langage et la catégorisation qui fondent ce type de débat.On the Boundaries of Recognition. Internal and External Categories of Collective Identity.Drawing upon recent advances in the study of recognition and social identity, we trace changes in the categorization of collective identity among stigmatized groups in Israel, Northern reland, Québec, and Brazil. While the recognition literature commonly assumes an opposition between « Us » and « Them », a review of these empirical cases illustrates the full complexity of identity categories in each of the four cases. We focus on the process of recognition in each case while highlighting the significance of internal and external boundaries of collective identity. We argue that the contingent nature of recognition should lead scholars to consider not only the normative components of ethnic conflict, but more importantly the language and categories which form the basis for such debates.En las fronteras del reconocimiento. Las categorías internas y externas de la identidad colectiva.Fundándonos en estudios recientes sobre el reconocimiento y la identidad social analizamos los cambios de categorización de la identidad colectiva de grupos estigmatizados en Israel, en Irlanda del Norte, en el Québec canadiense y en Brasil. Cuando la literatura sobre reconocimiento presume una oposición neta entre “nosotros” y “ellos” el análisis de los estudios empíricos demuestra la complicación y la multiplicación de las categorías de identidad. En los cuatro casos que hemos observado el proceso de reconocimiento, explorando las transfor­maciones la significación de la las fronteras internas y externas de la identidad colectiva para sus miembros como para los que son exteriores a ella. Consideramos que la naturaleza condicional del reconocimiento debe llevar a los investigadores a analizar no solo a los componentes normativos des conflicto étnico sino también, dándoles una importancia particular, el lenguaje y la categorización que fundan este tipo de debate

The myth of agency and the misattribution of blame in collective imaginaries of the future

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149565/1/bjos12662_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149565/2/bjos12662.pd

An online experiment during the 2020 US-Iran crisis shows that exposure to common enemies can increase political polarization

A longstanding theory indicates that the threat of a common enemy can mitigate conflict between members of rival groups. We tested this hypothesis in a pre-registered experiment where 1670 Republicans and Democrats in the United States were asked to complete an online social learning task with a bot that was labeled as a member of the opposing party. Prior to this task, we exposed respondents to primes about (a) a common enemy (involving Iran and Russia); (b) a patriotic event; or (c) a neutral, apolitical prime. Though we observed no significant differences in the behavior of Democrats as a result of priming, we found that Republicans-and particularly those with very strong conservative views-were significantly less likely to learn from Democrats when primed about a common enemy. Because our study was in the field during the 2020 Iran Crisis, we were able to further evaluate this finding via a natural experiment-Republicans who participated in our study after the crisis were even less influenced by the beliefs of Democrats than those Republicans who participated before this event. These findings indicate common enemies may not reduce inter-group conflict in highly polarized societies, and contribute to a growing number of studies that find evidence of asymmetric political polarization in the United States. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for research in social psychology, political conflict, and the rapidly expanding field of computational social science

Sense of coherence moderates job demand‐resources and impact on burnout among nurses and midwives in the context of the COVID ‐19 pandemic: a cross‐sectional survey.

This study aimed to test the propositions using the job demands‐resources (JD‐R) model for main/moderation/mediation effects of a sense of coherence and practice environment support on mental well-being (anxiety, depression and burnout) outcomes in nurses and midwives in Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cross-sectional quantitative survey. The study was a cross-sectional design using self-report questionnaires reported as per the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Guidelines. Following human research ethics approval (2020.ETH.00121) participants were recruited to take part in an online anonymous survey using self-report instruments to test the JD-R model in Australia. 156 participant nurses and midwives experienced anxiety, depression and emotional burnout during COVID-19. While a considerable proportion of participants indicated high levels of emotional exhaustion, their responses showed low levels of depersonalization (detached response to other people) and high levels of personal accomplishment (high levels of work performance and competence). A sense of coherence was a significant protective factor for mental health well-being for the participants, which is to say, high levels of sense of coherence were predictive of lower levels of anxiety, depression and burnout in this study sample. It is evident that both nursing and midwifery professions require psychosocial support to preserve their health both in the short and long term. Ensuring individualized tailored support will require a layered response within organizations aimed at individual self-care and collegial peer support. There was no patient or public contribution in this study, as the focus was on nurses and midwives

The attitudes of European consumers toward innovation in bread; interest of the consumers toward selected quality attributes

16 pages, 7 tables, 4 figures.-- The definitive version is available at www3.interscience.wiley.comThe present survey is integrated in the European project entitled EU-FRESHBAKE. This three years project started in October 2006. It aims at developing innovative processes and innovative formulations for the Bake Off technology taking into consideration, energy demand of the process, nutrition parameters and overall quality of the bread. To help and to advise the project on the expectations of the European consumers toward innovation, a consumer survey has been carried out taking into consideration 1050 consumers from 5 countries (Belgium, Croatia, Spain, France and Poland). The global objectives are (i) to better understand the attitudes of the European innovations in bread and (ii) to understand the main determinants of it. Globally the key points that arose from the survey were the environmental concern and the concern regarding health; these two aspects seem to steer the attitudes of the consumer. Basically, two categories of consumers were observed; (i) frequent (daily) buyers with a focus on quality and pleasure and (ii) less frequent buyers (once a week) with a more pronounced interest in nutrition and energy (process). The first group was named the crust group and the second one the crumb group. The crumb family seems to be the one that is the most interested in the outcomes of the EU-FRESHBAKE project. This group is concerned by nutrition quality and would prefer a bread which has been done with a less energy demanding process. The “crust” group is schematically less interested in the nutrition, in the shelf life and in the energy demand of the process used to prepare the bread. The results from this survey should be handled with care due to the relative small size of the sample and to the fact that the average age of the sample was rather young.This study (report, paper, workshop…) has been carried out with financial support from the Commission of the European Communities, FP6, Thematic Area “Food quality and safety”, FOOD-2006-36302 EU-FRESH BAKE.Peer reviewe

Crystallography Open Database – an open-access collection of crystal structures

The Crystallography Open Database (COD) is an ongoing initiative by crystallographers to gather all published inorganic, metal–organic and small organic molecule structures in one database, providing a straightforward search and retrieval interface. The COD adopts an open-access model for its >80 000 structure files