Influence of the use of milk replacers and pH on the texture profiles of raw and cooked meat of suckling kids

The aim of this work was to study the texture profile of fresh and cooked longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle from suckling kids raised with natural milk or milk replacers. Suckling Male kids from eight goat breeds (Florida, FL; Cabra del Guadarrama, GU; Majorera, MA; Palmera, PL; Payoya, PY; Retinta, RE; Tinerfeña, TI; Verata, VE), all of single parturition, were raised with milk replacers (MR) or with natural milk from the dams (NM). The meat pH, Warner-Bratzler shear force, texture profile analysis and chemical composition were determined. Kids were clustered based on their pH by k-means clustering. The effect of the rearing system on the textural profile was strongly modulated by breed. The values of Warner-Bratzler shear force and hardness found in these breeds under both rearing systems were very low. Hence, the toughness of very light suckling kids should not be a determining factor in choosing a breed or rearing system. Nevertheless, the use of milk replacers increased the presence of meat with high pH, which modified the textural parameters, decreasing the shear force but increasing cohesiveness and adhesiveness. Consequently, depending on the commercial strategy of the farm, the election of the breed and rearing system must be considered together

Multimodal sensory reliance in the nocturnal homing of the amblypygid \u3ci\u3ePhrynus pseudoparvulus\u3c/i\u3e (Class Arachnida, Order Amblypygi)?

Like many other nocturnal arthropods, the amblypygid Phrynus pseudoparvulus is capable of homing. The environment through which these predators navigate is a dense and heterogeneous tropical forest understory and the mechanism(s) underlying their putatively complex navigational abilities are presently unknown. This study explores the sensory inputs that might facilitate nocturnal navigation in the amblypygid P. pseudoparvulus. Specifically, we use sensory system manipulations in conjunction with field displacements to examine the potential involvement of multimodal—olfactory and visual—stimuli in P. pseudoparvulus’ homing behavior. In a first experiment, we deprived individuals of their olfactory capacity and displaced them to the opposite side of their home trees (\u3c5 m). We found that olfaction-intact individuals were more likely to be re-sighted in their home refuges than olfaction-deprived individuals. In a second experiment, we independently manipulated both olfactory and visual sensory capacities in conjunction with longer-distance displacements (8 m) from home trees. We found that sensory-intact individuals tended to be re-sighted on their home tree more often than sensory-deprived individuals, with a stronger effect of olfactory deprivation than visual deprivation. Comparing across sensory modality manipulations, olfaction-manipulated individuals took longer to return to their home trees than vision-manipulated individuals. Together, our results indicate that olfaction is important in the nocturnal navigation of P. pseudoparvulus and suggest that vision may also play a more minor role

Hetero-cycloreversions Mediated by Photoinduced Electron Transfer

[EN] Discovered more than eight decades ago, the Diels-Alder (DA) cycloaddition (CA) remains one of the most versatile tools in synthetic organic chemistry. Hetero-DA processes are powerful methods for the synthesis of densely functionalized six-membered heterocycles, ubiquitous substructures found in natural products and bioactive compounds. These reactions frequently employ azadienes and oxadienes, but only a few groups have reported DA processes with thiadienes. The electron transfer (ET) version of the DA reaction, though less investigated, has emerged as a subject of increasing interest. In the last two decades, researchers have paid closer attention to radical ionic hetero-cycloreversions, mainly in connection with their possible involvement in the repair of pyrimidine(6-4)pyrimidone photolesions in DNA by photolyases. In biological systems, these reactions likely occur through a reductive photosensitization mechanism. In addition, photooxidation can lead to cycloreversion (CR) reactions, and researchers can exploit this strategy for DNA repair therapies. In this Account, we discuss electron-transfer (ET) mediated hetero-CR reactions. We focus on the oxidative and reductive ET splitting of oxetanes, azetidines, and thietanes. Photoinduced electron transfer facilitates the splitting of a variety of four-membered heterocycles. In this context, researchers have commonly examined oxetanes, both experimentally and theoretically. Although a few studies have reported the cycloreversion of azetidines and thietanes carried out under electron transfer conditions, the number of examples remains limited. In general, the cleavage of the ionized four-membered rings appears to occur via a nonconcerted two-step mechanism. The trapping of the intermediate 1,4-radical ions and transient absorption spectroscopy data support this hypothesis, and it explains the observed loss of stereochemistry in the products. In the initial step, either C-C or C-X bond breaking may occur, and the preferred route depends on the substitution pattern of the ring, the type of heteroatom, and various experimental conditions. To better accommodate spin and charge, C-X cleavage happens more frequently, especially in the radical anionic version of the reaction. The addition or withdrawal of a single electron provides a new complementary synthetic strategy to activate hetero-cycloreversions. Despite its potential, this strategy remains largely unexplored. However, it offers a useful method to achieve C=X/olefin metathesis or, upon ring expansion, to construct six-membered heterocyclic rings.Financial support from the Spanish Government (Grants CTQ2010-14882, SEV2012-0267, and JCI-2010-06204) and the Generalitat Valenciana (Prometeo II/2013/005) is gratefully acknowledged.Pérez Ruiz, R.; Jiménez Molero, MC.; Miranda Alonso, MÁ. (2014). Hetero-cycloreversions Mediated by Photoinduced Electron Transfer. Accounts of Chemical Research. 47(4):1359-1368. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar4003224S1359136847

Production system and value chain in oregano (Origanum sp.) cultivation in the province of Córdoba (Argentina)

El objetivo de esta revisión fue realizar un análisis e identificación de la problemática del Sistema de Producción y de la Cadena de Valor del Orégano en la zona del Valle de Traslasierra de la Provincia de Córdoba. En la región, se cultivan ecotipos tradicionales como Criollo, Chileno II y Compacto, y nuevos como el ?Serrano Cordobés?, ?Flor Rosa? y ?Rosa Fuerte?. El Valle Traslasierra de la Provincia de Córdoba es agroecológicamente muy apto para la producción, y para incrementar la producción del cultivo de orégano se debe optimizar el manejo agronómico de los distintos ecotipos. Los estudios ecofisiológicos realizados hasta el momento en la región sugieren que los ecotipos de arquitectura erecta (Criollo) se comportan como un idiotipo más productivo que el rastrero (Compacto). Se citan por primera vez especies fitófagas de lepidópteros como Achira bifidalis (F), Rachiplusia nu (Guenée) y Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) entre otras, además de la presencia de distintos géneros de nemátodos. Como enfermedades, se encontró la presencia de Fusarium spp y Phomopsis sp; roya y síntomas de virosis. La cadena de valor agroalimentaria se caracterizó por poseer pequeñas explotaciones que, en su mayoría, carecieron de título de propiedad, con todo lo que esto implica. Es necesario generar asociaciones activas de productores, de manera de concentrar el poder de comercialización y de organización.The aim of the present review was to analyze and identify the problems associated with the Production System and Chain Value of Oregano in the area of Traslasierra Valley, province of Córdoba. Traditional ecotypes, such as Criollo, Chileno II and Compacto, are cultivated in the region, as well as new ecotypes such as "Serrano Cordobés", "Flor Rosa" and "Rosa Fuerte". The Traslasierra Valley of Córdoba is a very suitable area for the production and for increasing the production of oregano. However, the agricultural management of the different oregano ecotypes should be optimized. Ecophysiological studies conducted to date in the region suggest that the ecotypes of erect architecture ("Criollo") behave as more productive than the creeping one ("Compacto"). Phytophagous lepidopteran species, such as Achira bifidalis (F), Rachiplusia nu (Guenée) and Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), among others, as well as the presence of different nematode genera are mentioned for the first time. The diseases detected included Fusarium spp., Phomopsis sp, rust, and virus symptoms. The agricultural food chain value is characterized by small farms where most of the owners lacked a property title, which has adverse consequences. Active producers associations are necessary to concentrate trade and organization possibilities.Fil: Argüello, J. A.. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Núñez, S. B.. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Davidenco, Vanina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Suárez, D. A.. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Seisdedos, L.. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Baigorria, M. C.. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: la Porta, Norma Cristina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Ruiz, G.. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Yossen, Viviana Ester. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentin

Production system and value chain in oregano (Origanum sp.) cultivation in the province of Córdoba (Argentina)

El objetivo de esta revisión fue realizar un análisis e identificación de la problemática del Sistema de Producción y de la Cadena de Valor del Orégano en la zona del Valle de Traslasierra de la Provincia de Córdoba. En la región, se cultivan ecotipos tradicionales como Criollo, Chileno II y Compacto, y nuevos como el ?Serrano Cordobés?, ?Flor Rosa? y ?Rosa Fuerte?. El Valle Traslasierra de la Provincia de Córdoba es agroecológicamente muy apto para la producción, y para incrementar la producción del cultivo de orégano se debe optimizar el manejo agronómico de los distintos ecotipos. Los estudios ecofisiológicos realizados hasta el momento en la región sugieren que los ecotipos de arquitectura erecta (Criollo) se comportan como un idiotipo más productivo que el rastrero (Compacto). Se citan por primera vez especies fitófagas de lepidópteros como Achira bifidalis (F), Rachiplusia nu (Guenée) y Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) entre otras, además de la presencia de distintos géneros de nemátodos. Como enfermedades, se encontró la presencia de Fusarium spp y Phomopsis sp; roya y síntomas de virosis. La cadena de valor agroalimentaria se caracterizó por poseer pequeñas explotaciones que, en su mayoría, carecieron de título de propiedad, con todo lo que esto implica. Es necesario generar asociaciones activas de productores, de manera de concentrar el poder de comercialización y de organización.The aim of the present review was to analyze and identify the problems associated with the Production System and Chain Value of Oregano in the area of Traslasierra Valley, province of Córdoba. Traditional ecotypes, such as Criollo, Chileno II and Compacto, are cultivated in the region, as well as new ecotypes such as "Serrano Cordobés", "Flor Rosa" and "Rosa Fuerte". The Traslasierra Valley of Córdoba is a very suitable area for the production and for increasing the production of oregano. However, the agricultural management of the different oregano ecotypes should be optimized. Ecophysiological studies conducted to date in the region suggest that the ecotypes of erect architecture ("Criollo") behave as more productive than the creeping one ("Compacto"). Phytophagous lepidopteran species, such as Achira bifidalis (F), Rachiplusia nu (Guenée) and Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), among others, as well as the presence of different nematode genera are mentioned for the first time. The diseases detected included Fusarium spp., Phomopsis sp, rust, and virus symptoms. The agricultural food chain value is characterized by small farms where most of the owners lacked a property title, which has adverse consequences. Active producers associations are necessary to concentrate trade and organization possibilities.Fil: Argüello, J. A.. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Núñez, S. B.. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Davidenco, Vanina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Suárez, D. A.. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Seisdedos, L.. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Baigorria, M. C.. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: la Porta, Norma Cristina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Ruiz, G.. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Yossen, Viviana Ester. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentin

A Method for the Generation of Ectromelia Virus (ECTV) Recombinants: In Vivo Analysis of ECTV vCD30 Deletion Mutants

Ectromelia virus (ECTV) is the causative agent of mousepox, a lethal disease of mice with similarities to human smallpox. Mousepox progression involves replication at the initial site of infection, usually the skin, followed by a rapid spread to the secondary replicative organs, spleen and liver, and finally a dissemination to the skin, where the typical rash associated with this and other orthopoxviral induced diseases appears. Case fatality rate is genetically determined and reaches up to 100% in susceptible mice strains. Like other poxviruses, ECTV encodes a number of proteins with immunomodulatory potential, whose role in mousepox progression remains largely undescribed. Amongst these is a secreted homologue of the cellular tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member CD30 which has been proposed to modulate a Th1 immune response in vivo

Spread of a SARS-CoV-2 variant through Europe in the summer of 2020.

Following its emergence in late 2019, the spread of SARS-CoV-21,2 has been tracked by phylogenetic analysis of viral genome sequences in unprecedented detail3–5. Although the virus spread globally in early 2020 before borders closed, intercontinental travel has since been greatly reduced. However, travel within Europe resumed in the summer of 2020. Here we report on a SARS-CoV-2 variant, 20E (EU1), that was identified in Spain in early summer 2020 and subsequently spread across Europe. We find no evidence that this variant has increased transmissibility, but instead demonstrate how rising incidence in Spain, resumption of travel, and lack of effective screening and containment may explain the variant’s success. Despite travel restrictions, we estimate that 20E (EU1) was introduced hundreds of times to European countries by summertime travellers, which is likely to have undermined local efforts to minimize infection with SARS-CoV-2. Our results illustrate how a variant can rapidly become dominant even in the absence of a substantial transmission advantage in favourable epidemiological settings. Genomic surveillance is critical for understanding how travel can affect transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and thus for informing future containment strategies as travel resumes. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited

International nosocomial infection control consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 36 countries, for 2004-2009

The results of a surveillance study conducted by the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) from January 2004 through December 2009 in 422 intensive care units (ICUs) of 36 countries in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe are reported. During the 6-year study period, using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN; formerly the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance system [NNIS]) definitions for device-associated health care-associated infections, we gathered prospective data from 313,008 patients hospitalized in the consortium's ICUs for an aggregate of 2,194,897 ICU bed-days. Despite the fact that the use of devices in the developing countries' ICUs was remarkably similar to that reported in US ICUs in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were significantly higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals; the pooled rate of central line-associated bloodstream infection in the INICC ICUs of 6.8 per 1,000 central line-days was more than 3-fold higher than the 2.0 per 1,000 central line-days reported in comparable US ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia also was far higher (15.8 vs 3.3 per 1,000 ventilator-days), as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (6.3 vs. 3.3 per 1,000 catheter-days). Notably, the frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates to imipenem (47.2% vs 23.0%), Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (76.3% vs 27.1%), Escherichia coli isolates to ceftazidime (66.7% vs 8.1%), Staphylococcus aureus isolates to methicillin (84.4% vs 56.8%), were also higher in the consortium's ICUs, and the crude unadjusted excess mortalities of device-related infections ranged from 7.3% (for catheter-associated urinary tract infection) to 15.2% (for ventilator-associated pneumonia). Copyright © 2012 by the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved