Detection of Human Torovirus Like Particles and Adenovirus Type F in Children Attending to Babylon Maternity and Children Hospital

Toroviruses are enteric viruses belonging to the Nidovirales order that infect different animal species and human . Torovirus-like particales (TVLPs) that are immunologically related to BRV have been reported as etiological agents of gastroenteritis in humans. The lack of “in vitro” culture systems for toroviruses, except  for the prototype Berne virus or BEV, isolated originally from an infected horse, has hampered their study and the development of diagnostic assays. This  study  describes a real time RT-PCR method to detect  human  torovirus- like particles  (TVLPs) RNA in clinical  stool  samples using primers corresponding to the gene coding for  the nucleocapsid protein which are conserved in all (TVLPs) strains known to date. During this study, the CT value  measured  during real-time PCR analysis was used as an indication of the viral load found in the stool  sample . The assay was evaluated with 72 stool samples from children attending the Babylon maternity and children hospital. Fifty tow out of 72 (72.2%) children were shedding virus at  the time of sample collection, indicating a high incidence of TVLPs  infection  in Babylon Province. This  is the first study  attempted  for   estimating  the presence of TVLPs  in Iraq. The real time RT-PCR assay described in this study  provides a rapid, highly sensitive, specific and reliable detection and quantization  method enabling future TVLPs  epidemiological studies. In addition to that  the study included the development of real-time PCR assays for the detection of group F Adenovirus in 250 stool samples of pediatric subjects  exhibiting symptoms of diarrhea and/ or vomiting  which  were examined. PCR results of 10 positive Adenovirus group F diarrheic stool samples were confirmed by electron microscopy  examination which gave clear positive Adenovirus appearance . Till now there was no successful virus  culture growth for  isolation of diarrhegenic type 40 and 41 grow in routine cell culture . The result of this study by real time reverse transcription  – PCR  assay reflected in 72 .2 % and 58 % torovirus and adenovirus group F respectively. The genotyping results of adenoviruses(genotype 40 and 41)  highlight the significance of rapid molecular methods for the routine screening of stool samples in diagnostic laboratories to provide rapid and efficient methods . Keywords: Human Torovirus, Adenovirus, RT-PCR, Electron Microscopy

Translanguage

This work proposes a hypothesis that could stand as a basis for empirical investigation of translation process without losing sight of translation product. The proposed hypothesis can provide guidelines to investigate three possible concerns: First, the developmental nature of translators’ transitional constructions before settling on a “final” version. Second, the role of the non-native language in translating. Third, the type of language that is deployed in a translation.Cet article propose une hypothèse qui pourrait jeter les bases pour la recherche empirique du processus de traduction sans perdre de vue le produit de la traduction. L’hypothèse avancée fournit des principes pour trois enjeux possibles : d’abord, la nature développementale des constructions transitionnelles avant d’établir une version « finale », en deuxième lieu, le rôle de la langue étrangère dans la traduction, et enfin, le type de langue

Impact of Climate Changes on the Hydrochemistry of Razaza Lake and Rahaliya – Shithatha Springs – Central Iraq

The climate parameters, rainfall, temperature data for more than forty years for three Iraqi meteorological stations (Baghdad, Basra, and Mosul) were studied .The results show good evidence of climate change indicated by the remarkable decrease of the average means annual rainfall in the studied stations, with the remarkable increase of the average minimum annual temperature. The impact of the climatic change on the hydrochemistry of Razaza lake and Rahaliya – Shithatha springs was obvious in increasing the water salinity as studied for years 1995 and 2013. The average mean annual rainfall for ten years intervals indicate that there were a remarkable decrease in amount of rainfall from 90 mm for the period 1992-2001 to about 71 mm for the period 2002- 2013.  The Razzaza lake water has indicated that chloride group and one major family (Chloride-sodium family) is the dominant for years 1995 and 2013 with increase of Mg ions during 2013. The Rahaliya – Shithatha springs’ water has showed that the sulphate and chloride groups are dominant for years 1995 and 2013, with increase of sulphate group to 80% during 2013. Keywords: Climatic changes, hydrochemistry, Razaza lake and Rahaliya – Shithatha springs, Iraq

Ring opening polymerization of lactides and lactones by multimetallic alkyl zinc complexes derived from the acids Ph₂C(X)CO₂2H (X = OH, NH₂ )

The reaction of the dialkylzinc reagents R₂Zn with the acids 2,2-Ph₂C(X)(CO₂H), where X = NH₂, OH, i.e. 2,2′-diphenylglycine (dpgH) or benzilic acid (benzH2), in toluene at reflux temperature afforded the tetra-nuclear ring complexes [RZn(dpg)]₄, where R = Me (1), Et (2), 2-CF₃C₆H₄ (3), and 2,4,6-F₃C₆H₂ (4); complex 2 has been previously reported. The crystal structures of 1·(2MeCN), 3 and 4·(4(C₇H₈)·1.59(H₂O)) are reported, along with that of the intermediate compound (2-CF₃C₆H₄)3B·MeCN and the known compound [ZnCl₂(NCMe)₂]. Complexes 1–4, together with the known complex [(ZnEt)₃(ZnL)₃(benz)₃] (5; L = MeCN), have been screened, in the absence of benzyl alcohol, for their potential to act as catalysts for the ring opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone (ε-CL), δ-valerolactone (δ-VL) and rac-lactide (rac-LA); the co-polymerization of ε-CL with rac-LA was also studied. Complexes 3 and 4 bearing fluorinated aryls at zinc were found to afford the highest activities

The transformation strategy and its role in forming the structure of future architecture

Nature's strategies and solutions represent a significant and rich source to benefit from in creating an architectural composition that corresponds to its structure, which leads to the emergence of unexpected, vibrant, and constantly changing architectural forms due to the continuous development and progress in technology and science. Transformation is one of the strategies of nature that can be used to form the structure of future architecture, characterized by diversity and continuous formal change. Therefore, this strategy must be studied to create an adaptive architectural structure. The research aims to develop a theoretical framework that explains the role of transformation strategy in forming the structure of future architecture. The study thus reviews the basic concepts of transformation and future architecture. Then it presents the mechanisms to achieve transformation in architecture. Indicators of the conceptual framework of the transformation strategy are extracted from the knowledge provided about it. The conceptual framework represents a tool for enhancing the transformation strategy taken from nature to create innovative future architectural structures that look like living organisms, where they can perform adaptation processes and formal diversity

Pore-Scale Displacement Efficiency during Different Salinity Water Flooding in Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Microstructures

Previous macroscopic core flooding tests have shown that injecting low-salinity water improves oil recovery in sandstone and carbonate reservoirs through wettability alteration. However, consistent mechanistic clarification of the underlying physicochemical mechanisms involved in oil wettability at the pore-scale level is not fully understood. In this work, a microfluidic approach is used to provide in situ visualization of oil–brine flow to give an indication of the micromechanisms affecting oil sweep efficiency. The potential of enhancing oil recovery by low-salinity flooding at the microscale is also investigated, which would help in predicting a reservoir’s performance before committing to production processes at a large field scale. Two types of crude oils with various acid numbers were used, and hydrophilic and hydrophobic physical microstructures were used to mimic sandstones and carbonates. The results revealed a reduction by 7–10% in the residual oil for the water-wet microstructure when the seawater was diluted twice from its original concentration, apparently due to a decrease in the attractive forces. There is no change in the recovery factor for the oil-wet micromodel for the two kinds of crude oils examined. Tertiary low-salinity flooding did not show any effect on the initial wetting state of the hydrophobic surface, rendering it with a strongly oil-wet condition. It is also observed that flow dynamics of the two microstructures examined are different, as the snap-off–coalesce phenomenon dominants the flow in the water-wet system, while oil moved by a piston-like displacement with a stable or irregular front in the hydrophobic system. In contrast to some of the published macroscopic results, our pore-scale displacement shows that low-salinity flooding seems to be an unsuitable choice for enhanced oil recovery for strongly oil-wet reservoirs

Estimation of some heavy metals and nutrients in dry sludge collected from Hammdan wastewater treatment plant in Basrah city-Iraq

The present study deals with the estimation of selected heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in dry sewage sludge collected seasonally during the period extended from summer 2015 until spring 2016 from Hammdan wastewater treatment plant(WWTP)  in Basrah city . Flame atomic absorption (FAAS) was employed for measuring the mentioned metals . pH and available Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (N, P, K) in sludge were measured . Sludge texture as percentage and organic matter (OM) content as mg/kg have been determined to evaluate the presence of N, P, and K, OM and heavy metals in dry sludge samples . The results showed that the range values of pH was from 6.6 to 7.7, while the range values of OM were from 12500 to 1800 mg/kg, also the rang values of N, P and K were (4180 – 5130), (55 - 68) and from (247 – 402.33) mg/kg respectively . The concentration of heavy metals reveled the following order, Zn > Cu  > Ni  > Pb  > Cd . Sludge texture description was silt clay . It concluded from this study that the sewage sludge from Hammdan WWTP, rich in the N, P and K also have different levels of heavy metals under the sludge, but these levels were in acceptable range for use this sludge in amended of agricultural soil according to (USEPA, 1983) . Key words : Sewage sludge – Heavy metals – Nutrients – Hammdan wastewater treatment plant – Basrah