The distance between P680 and QA in Photosystem II determined by ESEEM spectroscopy

AbstractLight induced spin-polarized P680+Q−A radical pairs were studied by two pulse electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) spectroscopy in the cyanide-treated and Zn-substituted Photosystem II core complexes and in the isolated D1-D2-cyt b559 reaction center complexes reconstituted with dibromoisopropyl-p-benzoquinone. The observed strong out-of phase ESEEM signals were identified as those of the P680+Q−A radical pairs based on the time variation of the transient CW EPR spectra. The shapes of ESEEM spectra were attributed to dipolar D and spin exchange J interactions in the radical pairs. The values of D and J were derived from a sine Fourier transformation and the center-to-center distance between P680 and QA was determined to be 27.2±1.0Å for all three preparations

Electron transport in gated InGaAs and InAsP quantum well wires in selectively-grown InP ridge structures

The purpose of this work is to fabricate ribbon-like InGaAs and InAsP wires embedded in InP ridge structures and investigate their transport properties. The InP ridge structures that contain the wires are selectively grown by chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) on pre-patterned InP substrates. To optimize the growth and micro-fabrication processes for electronic transport, we explore the Ohmic contact resistance, the electron density, and the mobility as a function of the wire width using standard transport and Shubnikov-de Haas measurements. At low temperatures the ridge structures reveal reproducible mesoscopic conductance fluctuations. We also fabricate ridge structures with submicron gate electrodes that exhibit non-leaky gating and good pinch-off characteristics acceptable for device operation. Using such wrap gate electrodes, we demonstrate that the wires can be split to form quantum dots evidenced by Coulomb blockade oscillations in transport measurements.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, additional references and improved Fig. 4c, MSS-14 conference, submitted to Physica

Low-field magnetoresistance in GaAs 2D holes

We report low-field magnetotransport data in two-dimensional hole systems in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures and quantum wells, in a large density range, $2.5 \times 10^{10} \leq p \leq 4.0 \times 10^{11}$ cm$^{-2}$, with primary focus on samples grown on (311)A GaAs substrates. At high densities, $p \gtrsim 1 \times 10^{11}$ cm$^{-2}$, we observe a remarkably strong positive magnetoresistance. It appears in samples with an anisotropic in-plane mobility and predominantly along the low-mobility direction, and is strongly dependent on the perpendicular electric field and the resulting spin-orbit interaction induced spin-subband population difference. A careful examination of the data reveals that the magnetoresistance must result from a combination of factors including the presence of two spin-subbands, a corrugated quantum well interface which leads to the mobility anisotropy, and possibly weak anti-localization. None of these factors can alone account for the observed positive magnetoresistance. We also present the evolution of the data with density: the magnitude of the positive magnetoresistance decreases with decreasing density until, at the lowest density studied ($p = 2.5 \times 10^{10}$ cm$^{-2}$), it vanishes and is replaced by a weak negative magnetoresistance.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figure

Tensile Fracture of Welded Polymer Interfaces: Miscibility, Entanglements and Crazing

Large-scale molecular simulations are performed to investigate tensile failure of polymer interfaces as a function of welding time $t$. Changes in the tensile stress, mode of failure and interfacial fracture energy $G_I$ are correlated to changes in the interfacial entanglements as determined from Primitive Path Analysis. Bulk polymers fail through craze formation, followed by craze breakdown through chain scission. At small $t$ welded interfaces are not strong enough to support craze formation and fail at small strains through chain pullout at the interface. Once chains have formed an average of about one entanglement across the interface, a stable craze is formed throughout the sample. The failure stress of the craze rises with welding time and the mode of craze breakdown changes from chain pullout to chain scission as the interface approaches bulk strength. The interfacial fracture energy $G_I$ is calculated by coupling the simulation results to a continuum fracture mechanics model. As in experiment, $G_I$ increases as $t^{1/2}$ before saturating at the average bulk fracture energy $G_b$. As in previous simulations of shear strength, saturation coincides with the recovery of the bulk entanglement density. Before saturation, $G_I$ is proportional to the areal density of interfacial entanglements. Immiscibiltiy limits interdiffusion and thus suppresses entanglements at the interface. Even small degrees of immisciblity reduce interfacial entanglements enough that failure occurs by chain pullout and $G_I \ll G_b$

The primary structure of a monoclonal λ-type immunoglobulin L-chain of subgroup II (Bence-Jones protein NEI): Evolutionary origin of antibody variability

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to assess the gestational age at detection and prevalence of anencephaly in the North of The Netherlands over a 5-year period. MethodsA case list of all cases of anencephaly from two fetal medicine units was compiled. Cases were included if the estimated due date was between 1 August 2008 and 31 July 2013. ResultsOverall prevalence of anencephaly was 5.4 per 10.000 pregnancies (n=110). The majority of cases (69%) was detected before 18 weeks' gestation. Factors determining successful early diagnosis were competence level of the sonographers, with a significantly higher detection rate when scans were performed by a sonographer licensed by the Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) for nuchal translucency measurement (p=0.001), and gestational age at or beyond 11weeks of gestation (p=0.024). ConclusionImproving detection of anencephaly in the first trimester requires ultrasound screening at or after 11weeks of gestation, performed by experienced sonographers trained in recognizing fetal anomalies. Sonographers should be instructed that the goal of the first trimester scan is not only to measure nuchal translucency thickness but also to exclude major anomalies. (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Spin-splitting analysis of a two-dimensional electron gas in an almost strain-free In0.89Ga0.11Sb/In0.88Al0.12Sb by magneto-resistance measurements

We investigated the spin-splitting in an almost strain-free In0.89Ga0.11Sb/In0.88Al0.12Sb two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) by magnetoresi stance measurements at 1.5 K. A large effective gyromagnetic factor (g factor) vertical bar g*vertical bar=33-34 was obtained by means of the coincidence method, which assumes an effective mass m*=0.021m(0) at the Fermi energy. In spite of the large g factor and the high mobility (mu=9.8 x 10(4) cm(2)/V s), a vanishing spin-splitting was also found around B similar to 0.8 T by analyzing the second derivative of the magnetoresistance. This effect originates from the interplay between the Rashba and Dresselhaus spin-orbit interactions, and we theoretically confirmed the fact that the Dresselhaus spin-splitting energy Delta E-0D=3.5 meV was more than twice as large as the Rashba spin-splitting energy Delta E-0R=1.5 meV. Moreover, we demonstrated that the theoretical curves of the normalized spin splitting, including the g factor and the spin-orbit interactions, were well fitted to the experimental points with the Dresselhaus spin-orbit interaction. Therefore, we concluded that the Dresselhaus spin-orbit interaction is dominant in our 2DEG in spite of its narrow band gap