Neighbour coverage: a dynamic probabilistic route discovery for mobile ad hoc networks

Blind flooding is extensively use in ad hoc routing protocols for on-demand route discovery, where a mobile node blindly rebroadcasts received route request (RREQ) packets until a route to a particular destination is established. This can potentially lead to high channel contention, causing redundant retransmissions and thus excessive packet collisions in the network. Such a phenomenon induces what is known as broadcast storm problem, which has been shown to greatly increase the network communication overhead and end-to-end delay. In this paper, we show that the deleterious impact of such a problem can be reduced if measures are taken during the dissemination of RREQ packets. We propose a generic probabilistic method for route discovery, that is simple to implement and can significantly reduce the overhead associated with the dissemination of RREQs. Our analysis reveals that equipping AODV with probabilistic route discovery can result in significant reduction of routing control overhead while achieving good throughput

Cybercrime and Risks for Cyber Physical Systems

Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) is the integration of computation and physical systems that make a complete system such as the network, software, embedded systems, and physical components. Major industries such as industrial plants, transport, national grid, and communication systems depend heavily on CPS for financial and economic growth. However, these components may have inherent threats and vulnerabilities on them that may run the risk of being attacked, manipulated or exploited by cyber attackers and commit cybercrimes. Cybercriminals in their quest to bring down these systems may cause disruption of services either for fame, data theft, revenge, political motive, economic war, cyber terrorism, and cyberwar. Therefore, identifying the risks has become imperative in mitigating the cybercrimes. This paper seeks to identify cybercrimes and risks that are associated with a smart grid business application system to determine the motives and intents of the cybercriminal. The paper identified four goals to mitigate the risks: as business value, organizational requirements, threat agent and impact vectors. We used the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine the importance of the goals that contribute to identifying cybercrime and risks in CPS. For the results, a case study is used to identify the threat and vulnerable spots and the prioritized goals are then used to assess the risks using a semi-quantitative approach to determine the net threat level. The results indicate that using the AHP approach to identify cybercrime and risk on CPS provides specific risk mitigation goals

Assessment of farmer preferences for cattle traits in smallholder cattle production systems of Kenya and Ethiopia

The urgent need to improve livestock productivity in sub.Saharan Africa in order to keep pace with expected increases in demand for meat and milk is very topical. Breed improvement provides key entry points for increasing productivity in cattle populations. However, there are tendencies for genetic improvement programs to focus on single, market driven traits such as milk or meat production in isolation of environmental constraints and broader livestock system functions which cattle perform in developing countries. This potentially leads to genotypes that are not well adapted to the environment and not capable of performing the multiple roles that cattle assume in smallholder systems. In developing countries, many important functions of livestock are embedded in non-tradeable traits that are neither captured in economic analysis nor considered in livestock improvement programs. This study employs Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) ranking techniques and conjoint analysis to evaluate preferences of cattle keepers in pastoral and agro-pastoral systems of selected sites in Kenya and Ethiopia for various cattle traits. These systems are characterized by low input management and prevalence of various cattle diseases. Trypanosomosis is a serious disease constraint in Ghibe valley of Ethiopia and some of the pastoral areas in Kenya. The results indicate that farmer preferences for cattle traits are influenced by various factors including production system characteristics, infrastructural constraints and environmental conditions, especially in relation to disease prevalence and availability of cattle feeds. In the crop-livestock systems of Ghibe valley in Ethiopia, preferred cattle traits include trypanotolerance, reproductive potential and fitness to traction. Milk production is a less important trait. On the other hand, in the pastoral and agropastoral systems of Kenya, important traits include trypanotolerance, reproductive potential, coat colour and watering needs

Implicit prices of indigenous cattle traits in central Ethiopia: Application of revealed and stated preference approaches

The diversity of animal genetic resources has a quasi-public good nature that makes market prices inadequate indicator of its economic worth. Applying the characteristics theory of value, this research estimated the relative economic worth of the attributes of cattle genetic resources in central Ethiopia. Transaction level data were collected over four seasons in a year and choice experiment survey was done in five markets to generate data on both revealed and stated preferences of cattle buyers. Heteroscedasticity efficient estimation and random parameters logit were employed to analyse the data. The results essentially show that attributes related to the subsistence functions of cattle are more valued than attributes that directly influence marketable products of the animals. The findings imply the strong need to invest on improvement of attributes of cattle in the study area that enhance the subsistence functions of cattle that their owners accord higher priority to support their livelihoods than they do to tradable products

The Paradox of Cybercrime Risk and Internet Use in Canada: A Socio-Criminological Perspective

Increased internet use has created opportunities for criminality. Internet penetration is soaring against the backdrop of the increased risk of cybercrime victimization. A mixed method approach is employed in this study to examine why Canadians continue to use the internet, notwithstanding the fear and persistent or inherent risk of victimization in cyberspace, through the lens of the structure and agency discourse. In other words, has the perception of cybercrime victimization changed internet use? Questions explored include: internet users’ knowledge and perceptions of risk, their attitude to internet security, fear of cybercrime and victimization experiences and its impact on behavior, attitude towards reporting, frequency of internet use and effect on behavior, and motivation for internet use. The study utilizes an integrated theoretical framework comprising risk, structuration, and rational choice. Canada-wide data was collected using an online survey. Logistic regression is used to construct models for each outcome variable, while internet use motivation is analyzed using thematic qualitative analysis. The findings indicate that socio-demographic characteristics such as gender, level of education, and marriage are associated with the risk of cybercrime. While victimization experience is significantly negatively associated with cybercrime fear, it is not significantly associated with cybercrime risk perception. The effect of victimization on internet behavior constraints in terms of avoidance and defensive internet use is inconclusive; similarly, there is an inconclusive relationship between fear of cybercrime and cybercrime incident reporting. It is unclear whether internet use frequency constrains the behavior of internet users, even though the univariable results suggest that frequent internet users have increased odds of adopting avoidance and defensive internet use actions. Thematic analysis revealed motivations for internet use to include education and knowledge acquisition, entertainment and fun, communication and social media access, commercial purposes, work and personal related reasons, news and information access, and others. The thematic results demonstrate that an intricate interaction between structure and agency underpins Canadians’ motivations for using the internet. Based on the findings, the study argues for greater theoretical flexibility to understand the apparent paradox between internet use and cybercrime risk. The results have implications for theory, policy and practice, including for cyberspace offending, victimization, and crime control

Proximate, minerals and antinutrient assessment of the leaves and tenderstem of Leptadenia hastate (pers.) decne

The study evaluated the proximate, minerals and antinutrient contents of the plant Leptadenia hastata (Pers.) decne (Asclepiadaceae). Nutrient and antinutritional factors were determined using standard analytical methods and parameters subjected to statistical analysis. Manganese (Mn), Calcium (Ca) and Cobalt (Co) were found to be significantly (p<0.001) higher in the leaves when compared to the tender stem while Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn) and Magnesium (Mg) were found to be significantly (p<0.001) higher in the tender stems when compared to the leaves. The percentages of Moisture content, Crude proteins and Total ash were found to be significantly (p<0.05) higher in the leaves when compared to the tender stem while crude fiber and Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the stem when compared to the leaves. Oxalate and phytic acid were anti nutrient found to be significantly (p<0.001) higher in the leaves when compared to the tender stem. However, Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Potassium (K) and Crude fat were not significantly (p>0.05) different when compared in the leaves and tender stem. Correlation analysis indicated that antinutrient contents in the tender stems will not affect the mineral absorption in the leaves while negative correlation between Fe and Cu in the stems could affect the absorption of iron. Therefore, Leptadenia hastata leave and tender stem consumed in soup and local salad in northern Nigeria proved to be rich in minerals and nutrients to support its dietary role as a consumed vegetable.Keywords: Leptadenia hastata, Minerals, Proximate, Antinutrients, Tender stems, Leave

Utilising a systematic knowledge management based system to optimise project management operations in oil and gas organisations

Purpose: This research examined the efficacy of knowledge management based systems and best practices that could be used to address operational issues in the oil and gas sector. Design/methodology/approach: Given little was known empirically about the strategies and practices which contribute to improved performance, innovation and continuous improvement in the oil and gas sector qualitative method was used. Semi-structured interviews were used to derive senior managers’ constructs of project delivery efficiency and knowledge management based systems. The interviews were analysed through the use of a qualitative analysis software package NUDIST NVivoTM. Participants were selected using purposive sampling. Validity and reliability were achieved by first assessing the plausibility in terms of already existing knowledge on some of the operational issues raised by participants. Findings: These were synthesised into a framework capturing seven-well defined stages. All these steps emerged as being related; they are comprised of independent variables. These steps were found to comprise of knowledge management technology approaches, knowledge management people approaches, knowledge management strategies and value enhancing practices. Research limitations/implications: Although the findings are pertinent to oil and gas organisations, it will be important to conduct follow-up research validating the potential for using the results of this study to establish frameworks for knowledge and information management in different organisations and contexts. This will provide not only data about the validity of the framework in generic terms but will also generate additional data on the application of knowledge management strategy. Practical implications: As shown in this study, successful knowledge management based systems requires the aligning of business strategy, technology for knowledge management, project management operations with an enterprise-knowledge sharing culture. Such sharing requires managing the behaviour of project personnel such that knowledge transfer becomes part of the organisation’s norm. Social implications: The implementation of knowledge management based systems requires deliberate planning and action to create the conditions for success and put in place the strategy, leadership, goals, process, skills, systems, issue resolution, and structure to direct and exploit the dynamic nature of project work. The strategies proposed in this research cannot be expected to resolve all knowledge management issues in the oil and gas sector. However, their use defines an approach that is superior to the traditional approaches typically adopted and consequently merits far wider application. Originality/value: The proposed framework presents a better way of optimising the performance of project-based operations thus enabling oil and gas organisations to reform their poor performance on projects and empower them to better manage emerging cultural challenges in their future projects. Reflecting on their experiences, the participants confirmed that the proposed knowledge management framework and its seven well-defined stages were central to the effectiveness of knowledge management in oil and gas operations. Although the scope of this research was restricted to projects in Nigeria and the UK, the geographical focus of this research does not invalidate these results with respect to other countries. The fact is that the oil and gas sector globally shares some common fundamental characteristics

Participatory evaluation of drought tolerant maize varieties in the Guinea Savanna of Ghana using mother and baby trial design

Maize (Zea mays) is a major food crop in Ghana but grain yields are low as a result of drought and low soil fertility. This study evaluated drought tolerant maize varieties in 2008 and 2009 in the Guinea savanna of Ghana using researcher-managed mother and farmer-managed baby trial design. Mean grain yields ranged between 2574 and 3462 kg/ha for the mother trials and 1460 and 2328 kg/ha for baby trials. Several improved varieties performed better than the best local varieties, but two preferred varieties, TZEE Y POP STR QPM C0 and EVDT W 99 STR QPM CO which produced 35-52% more grain than the best local varieties of similar maturity rating were released in 2010. Farmers have multiple criteria for evaluating maize varieties apart from yield, though yield, larger cob and grain size were the three key criteria used by farmers to select and rank varieties. Researchers should incorporate farmers’ preferences in selecting varieties in the breeding process in order to increase likelihood of adoption of the varieties.Keywords: Drought-tolerant maize, farmer preference, mother and baby, participator