VASA-induced cytoplasmic localization of CYTB-positive mitochondrial substance occurs by destructive and nondestructive mitochondrial effusion, respectively, in early and late spermatogenic cells of the Manila clam

To analyze the release of mitochondrial material, a process that is believed to be (i) induced by the VASA protein derived from germplasm granules, and (ii) which appears to play an important role during meiotic differentiation, the localization of the CYTB protein was studied in the process of spermatogenesis of the bivalve mollusk Ruditapes philippinarum (Manila clam). It was found that in early spermatogenic cells, such as spermatogonia and spermatocytes, the CYTB protein shows dispersion in the cytoplasm following the total disaggregation of VASA-invaded mitochondria, what is called here as \u201cdestructive mitochondrial effusion (DME).\u201d It was found that the mitochondria of the maturing sperm cells also uptake VASA. It is accompanied by extramitochondrial transmembrane localization of CYTB assuming mitochondrial content release without mitochondrion demolishing. This phenomenon is called here as \u201cnondestructive mitochondrial effusion (NDME).\u201d Thus, in the spermatogenesis of the Manila clam, two patterns of mitochondrial release, DME and NDME, were found, which function, respectively, in early spermatogenic cells and in maturing spermatozoa. Despite the morphological difference, it is assumed that both DME and NDME have a similar functional nature. In both cases, the intramitochondrial localization of VASA coincides with the extramitochondrial localization of the mitochondrial matrix

Differentiated application of nitrogen fertilizers based on optical sensor readings

Received: April 2nd, 2021 ; Accepted: May 5th, 2021 ; Published: May 19th, 2021 ; Correspondence: [email protected] article considers the method of variable rate application of top dressing with nitrogen fertilizers in spring barley crops in the system of precise agriculture. The principle of is based on the in-process diagnosis of plants state in key phases of development and the introduction of necessary dose of top dressing in specific field areas. To assess the plants state, a GreenSeeker optical sensor, which measures the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). The tailored application of top dressing increases the yield of spring barley grain by 14.2% compared to the application of fertilizers with one calculated rate for the entire plot or field (Skudra, 2017, Hamann, 2020)

Optimal design of ferronickel slag alkali-activated mortar for repair exposed to high thermal load

In this work, the optimal design of a mortar based on alkali-activated material technology is presented. Ferronickel slag, a byproduct of the ferronickel alloy industry, was used both as a binder component (in a finely ground form) and as fine aggregate in alignment with a circular economy approach. The proportions of binder, fine aggregate, and water were optimized using Design of Experiment Design of Mixtures. The performance indicators evaluated were flow, flexural and compressive strength both before and after high-temperature exposure, mass loss, and thermal shrinkage. Life cycle assessment was used to calculate the relative environmental cost of the studied mixes in comparison to a counterpart traditional Ordinary Portland Cement mortar. The optimal mix design exhibited high flexural strength (8.5 and 10.5 MPa, before and after high-temperature exposure, respectively), an unheated compressive strength equal to 69.5 MPa, and a post-heating residual one of 33.9 MPa, 7.7% mass loss and 3.4% thermal shrinkage. Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry along with Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis were also performed on optimal mortar samples in order to link micro-structural heat-induced changes to residual (post-heating) macro-mechanical performances. Finally, when compared to OPC-based products, the optimized mortar mix resulted in 70% lower CO2 emissions indicating great potential for the construction sector where concern about environmental impact keeps growing

ROLE OF TLR2, TLR4 GENE POLYMORPHISM IN DEVELOPING MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS IN ADOLESCENTS WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS

Long-term complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children and adolescents are an important problem in modern medicine. Recently, the role of immune mechanisms, in particular, chronic inflammation, in the development of both T1DM and its microvascular complications has been actively discussed. Activation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) leads to hyperproduction of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules involved in the formation of diabetic microvascular complications. At the same time, TLR2 and TLR4 gene polymorphism alters the immune susceptibility to the endogenous ligands, which may increase the risk of diabetic microangiopathies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the frequency of genotypes and alleles of TLR2 and TLR4 genes distribution and to determine the content of TNFα, IL-1, VCAM-1, fractalkine, endothelin-1 in adolescents with T1DM with microvascular complications. We examined 139 adolescents with T1DM from 14 to 18 years old and 56 healthy teenagers. Patients with T1DM were divided into two groups: Group I – patients with poor glycemic control (HbA1C > 9.0%), (n = 64); Group II – patients with satisfactory glycemic control of T1DM (HbA1C ≤ 9.0%), (n = 75), including adolescents with optimal (HbA1C < 7.5%) and suboptimal glycemic control (7.5% ≤ HbA1C ≤ 9.0%) (ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2014). According to the presence of microvascular complications, the groups were subdivided into subgroups: Iа (n = 49), IIа (n = 38) – adolescents with verified microvascular disorders: diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy; Ib (n = 15), IIb (n = 37) – without microvascular complications. Allelic variants of TLR genes were determined using test systems GosNII genetics (Moscow). The content of cytokines in blood serum was carried out by the method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay “BIOSCIENCE”. Data were analyzed using software packages Statistica version 6.0. The assessment of TLR2 (Arg753Gln) and TLR4 (Thr399Ile) polymorphism distribution did not reveal significant differences between the observed subgroups and the control. In Ia and IIa subgroups (with complications) Asp299Gly variant was noted to be significantly less common when compared to subgroups Ib, IIb and controls. The presence of Gly allele in TLR4 gene was found to disrupt the expression of TNFα and VCAM-1 and can be considered protective for the development of microvascular complications

Abnormally high strength and low electrical resistivity of the deformed Cu/Mg-composite with a big number of Mg-filaments

Cu/Mg-composites, the copper matrix of which contains 1, 7 and 2730 magnesium filaments, were obtained by hyrdoextrusion at room temperature. The structure, mechanical and electrical properties of the deformed composite rods and thin wires were investigated. The yield strength and electrical resistivity were theoretically calculated and these estimations were compared with the experimental results. The XRD-method allowed discovering a change of the lattice constant of the Cu-matrix under deformation of the composites. It has been concluded that, under severe plastic deformation, a supersaturated Cu-based solid solution forms on the Cu/Mg-interface. As a result, the strength of the deformed Cu/Mg-composite with minimal volume fraction but maximal surface area of magnesium is abnormally high. A thick Cu-sleeve provides low electrical resistivity of this Cu/Mg-composite. The obtained results can be used for the development of high-strength Cu-based conductors. © 2019 The AuthorsUral Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, UB RASThe work was carried out in the framework of a state task according to the theme ?Pressure? No. AAAA-A18-118020190104-3. The studies of structure and mechanical properties of the samples were carried out at the Electron Microscopy Department and Mechanical Test Department of the Collective-Use Center of the Institute of Metal Physics (Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences). The X-ray diffraction studies were carried out in the ?Composition of Compounds? Center of Collaborative Access, Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences

Theoretical estimation, simulation and experimental evaluation of deformation-induced heating of magnesium during lateral extrusion

Theoretical estimation, computer simulation and experiment were performed to evaluate temperature of the deformation heating of magnesium during severe plastic deformation by lateral extrusion method. The simulation of the deformation process was carried out by DEFORM-3D. Experimental temperature measurement of magnesium deformation-induced heating at the deformation zone was made. According to the simulation, temperature of the magnesium billet has reached 114°C during deformation. Experimental results showed that the maximum temperature of deformation heating of the material is ~ 140°C. © 2020 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.The work was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR). The experimental part and math estimation were performed within the framework of RFBR project No. 18-33-00474. Computer simulation was carried out within the framework of RFBR project No. 20-38-90051

Профессиональная подготовка выпускников российских вузов в условиях интернационализации: теоретические и практические аспекты

Nowadays processes of internationalization cover all spheres of human activity. The intensification of these processes in the modern educational space requires developing new content and educational methods that will be aimed at preparing graduates both for professional and life-sustaining activities at this historical stage of development. The aim of this article was determined by the necessity to analyze the theoretical and practical aspects of vocational training of university graduates in the context of internationalization. The authors used the system method as the main one. To understand and clarify the essence and prerequisites of the internationalization of the educational process at the university at the present stage, the authors turned to general logical research methods and techniques. To identify and justify the general and distinctive features and properties of the content and organization of the educational process, based on the principles of internationalization, the structural and functional analysis principles were used. The analysis of theoretical aspects of internationalization in higher education suggests that this process is characterized by the inclusion of an international component in existing curricula and programs, international academic mobility, and the creation of strategic educational alliances. The article notes that there are several approaches to understanding and defining the processes of internationalization in higher education. It is revealed that at the moment the views of foreign and Russian scientists on the processes of internationalization in higher education differ. The authors find it logical that the main focus of work at the present stage should be on evaluating the content and organization of the educational process in Russian universities, taking into account various aspects of internationalization and also in terms of their importance for improving the quality of professional training of a university graduate. The authors conclude that the preparation of a modern, mobile specialist, demanded and competitive, is impossible without effective teaching of a foreign language. The current trend in teaching foreign languages is associated with the increased integration of a language and particular subject area. A positive point is the strengthening of interdepartmental cooperation, which, ultimately, «works» for the CLIL concept implementation (subject-language integration) in the vocational training of university graduates.Процессы интернационализации в настоящее время охватывают все сферы жизнедеятельности человека. В связи с усилением этих процессов в современном образовательном пространстве появляется необходимость в разработке нового содержания и методов образования, которые будут нацелены на подготовку выпускников к профессиональной деятельности и жизнедеятельности с учетом требований данного исторического этапа развития. Необходимость анализа теоретических и практических аспектов профессиональной подготовки выпускников вузов в условиях интернационализации обусловила цель нашей статьи. В качестве основного авторами был использован системный метод. Для понимания и уточнения сущности и предпосылок интернационализации образовательного процесса в вузе на современном этапе авторы обратились к общелогическим методам и приемам исследования. Для выявления и обоснования общих и отличительных признаков и свойств содержания и организации образовательного процесса, базирующегося на принципах интернационализации, использовались принципы структурно-функционального анализа. Анализ теоретических аспектов интернационализации в сфере высшего образования позволяет говорить о том, что данный процесс характеризуется включением международного компонента в имеющиеся учебные планы и программы, международной академической мобильностью, созданием стратегических образовательных альянсов. В статье отмечается, что существует несколько подходов к пониманию и определению процессов интернационализации в высшем образовании. Выявлено, что в настоящий момент взгляды зарубежных и российских ученых на процессы интернационализации в высшем образовании различаются. Авторы видят логичным то, что основным направлением работы на современном этапе должна стать оценка содержания и организации образовательного процесса в российских вузах с учетом различных аспектов интернационализации, а также с точки зрения их значения для повышения качества профессиональной подготовки выпускника вуза. Авторы заключают, что подготовка современного, мобильного специалиста, востребованного и конкурентоспособного невозможна без эффективного обучения иностранному языку. Современная тенденция в преподавании иностранных языков связана с усилением интеграции языка и определенной предметной области. Положительным моментом является укрепление межкафедрального взаимодействия, что в конечном итоге «работает» на реализацию концепции CLIL (предметно-языковой интеграции) в профессиональной подготовке выпускников вуза

Features of the cytokine profile in adolescents with microvascular complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus

Despite advances of modern medical science, the consequences associated with management of complications in type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) in children and adolescents represent a serious problem. Common development of microvascular diabetic complications (retinopathy, neuropathy, kidney damage) still remains a sufficient obstacle for achieving high quality of life and social adaptation in the young patients, thus promoting studies of immune mechanisms involved in genesis of microvasculature damage under the conditions of dysmetabolic abnormalities associated with DM1. Our goal was to assess the role of altered cytokine balance in blood serum in development of microangiopathies in adolescents with DM1.140 adolescent patients with type 1 diabetes aged 14-18 years were examined being divided in 2 groups: group I included the patients with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level of > 9.0% (n = 65), and group II which included adolescents with HbA1C level of ≤ 9.0% (n = 75). Each group was divided into subgroups: Ia (n = 50) and IIa (n = 38) included adolescents with diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy or neuropathy, whereas groups Ib (n = 15) and IIb (n = 37) were without microvascular complications. The control group consisted of 36 adolescents with normal body weight, without carbohydrate metabolic disorders, and family history of diabetes mellitus. Determination of TNFα, IL-1β, VCAM-1, fractalkine levels in blood serum was performed by enzyme immunoassay using test systems “RayBiotech” (USA), “BIOSCIENCE” (USA).Development of microangiopathies in adolescents with different glycemic control is associated with increased serum concentration of the factors involved in neoangiogenesis and vascular wall remodeling, i.e., TNFα, IL-1β, VCAM-1, compared with control group (p < 0.05), and a statistically significant decrease in fractalkine level in adolescent patients with either complicated, or uncomplicated DM1. The study allowed us to suggest that occurrence of microvascular complications in adolescents with DM1 is associated with impaired immune response tending for altered cytokine balance towards Th1 type, enhanced intercellular interactions, imbalance of bioregulatory molecules, contributing to development of inflammatory immunoregulatory state. The revealed patterns of laboratory markers, along with assessment of metabolic indices, will enable personalized approaches to early diagnostics of microvascular complications in adolescents with DM1 and prevent their further progression

Формирование метакомпетенций студентов вуза в процессе научно-исследовательской работы на иностранном языке

This work is an attempt to generalize the theory and practice of the formation of metacompetencies of university students interpreted as the basis that remains in the sub subject position and determines the effectiveness of further self-realization of a university graduate in a certain professional field of activity. The necessity to analyze the theoretical and practical aspects of this activity has affected the purpose of the study. The authors use the systematic method as the main one. To understand and clarify the essence and prerequisites for the formation of metacompetencies of university students in the process of research work in foreign language at the present stage, the authors use general logical research methods and techniques. The current paper identifies and justifies the common and distinctive features and peculiarities of the content and organization of research work in foreign language applying the principles of structural-functional analysis. The results of a pedagogical experiment conducted at the Siberian Transport University aimed at studying the influence of research work in a foreign language on the formation of students» metacompetencies are presented. A model of organization of students» research work has been proposed, which includes the levels ofperception, analysis and synthesis of scientific information. The study reveals the content of each of the levels of organization of students» research work. The authors pay special attention to the formation of academic writing skills that are necessary for increasing of the publication activity of various groups of researches who take into account international rules and norms, as well as the skills ofpublic scientific presentation in a foreign language, allowing to present the results of the study at the international level. The authors conclude that modeling the process of students» research work has allowed to systematize and generalize the requirements for its organization, taking in consideration relevant international requirements for the content of report, the design of scientific articles in a foreign language, the specific features ofpeer-re-viewed papers, the ranking of scientific journals, and indicators of the publication activity of students and organizations.Работа представляет собой попытку обобщения теории и практики формирования метакомпетенций студентов вуза, которые трактуются авторами данного исследования как над-предметные базисы, определяющие результативность дальнейшей самореализации выпускника вуза в определенной профессиональной сфере деятельности. Необходимость анализа теоретических и практических аспектов этой деятельности обусловила цель данной статьи. В качестве основного авторами был использован системный метод. Для понимания и уточнения сущности и предпосылок формирования метакомпетенций студентов вуза в процессе научно-исследовательской работы на иностранном языке на современном этапе авторы обратились к общелогическим методам и приемам исследования. Для выявления и обоснования общих и отличительных признаков и свойств содержания и организации научно-исследовательской работы на иностранном языке, использовались принципы структурно-функционального анализа. Приводятся результаты педагогического эксперимента, проведенного в Сибирском государственном университете путей сообщения, направленного на изучение влияния научно-исследовательской работы на иностранном языке на формирование метакомпетенций студентов. Предложена модель организации научно-исследовательской работы студентов, включающая уровни восприятия, анализа и синтеза научной информации. Раскрывается содержание каждого из уровней организации научно-исследовательской работы студентов. Особое внимание авторами уделено формированию навыков академического письма, необходимых для повышения публикационной активности различных групп исследователей с учетом международных правил и норм, а также навыков публичного научного выступления на иностранном языке, позволяющих представлять результаты исследования на международном уровне. Авторы заключают, что моделирование процесса научно-исследовательской работы студентов позволило систематизировать и обобщить рекомендации к ее организации с учетом актуальных международных требований к содержанию доклада, оформлению научных статей на иностранном языке, специфики рецензирования работ и ранжирования научных журналов, показателей публикационной деятельности ученых, организаций

ОПТИМАЛЬНЫЕ РЕЖИМЫ БАЗИС-БОЛЮСНОЙ ИНСУЛИНОТЕРАПИИ У ПОДРОСТКОВ С САХАРНЫМ ДИАБЕТОМ 1-го ТИПА

This study was aimed to determine peculiarities in regimens of the pump insulin therapy and to reveal the optimal basal-to-bolus insulin ratio that are necessary for achieving optimal glycemic control in adoles-cents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).  82 adolescents at the age of 14–18 with T1DM, using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) from 5 months to 7.5 years were monitored with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system «Guar-dian Real Time» or CGM system, built in MiniMed Paradigm Revel System 722 (Medtronic Minimed, USA). Assessing the quality of glycaemic control was based on the level of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). The results of CGM were reviewed and average for 3 days performances: total daily dose of insulin, dose of basal and bolus insulin, basal-to-bolus insulin ratio, carbohydrate content of the meal, expressed in BE, carbohydrate ratio, insulin sensitivity factor were determined. The patients were subdivided into 2 groups: group 1 – adolescents with the optimal/suboptimal glycemic control (n = 55), 2 – adolescents with long-standing poorly controlled T1DM (n = 27). Average total daily dose of basal insulin (U in a day, U per kg in a day) in adolescents group 1 was significantly higher, com-pared with patients in group 2 (р = 0.043; р = 0.038 respectively). Patients in group 2 received more car-bohydrates with a meal intake and had higher doses of average total daily bolus insulin. The average ba-sal-to-bolus ratio from group 1 patients was 51/49%, compared with group 2 patients – 45/55% (р = 0.026).  An important condition for achieving optimal glycemic control is a high level of compliance and skills of adolescents. Optimal well-balanced basal-to-bolus insulin ratio in adolescents with T1DM on CSII, which can provide improvements in blood glucose management and reducing the risk of complications of the disease, is 51/49%. Цель исследования – выявить особенности режимов помповой инсулинотерапии и осуществить поиск рационального соотношения доз базального и болюсного инсулинов, необходимых для дос-тижения оптимального гликемического контроля у подростков, страдающих сахарным диабетом 1-го типа (СД-1).82 подросткам с СД-1 в возрасте от 14 до 18 лет, находившимся на постоянной подкожной инфу-зии инсулина (ППИИ) от 5 мес до 7,5 лет, проведено трехдневное непрерывное мониторирование глюкозы с помощью прибора Guardian Real Time или устройства для непрерывного мониторинга глюкозы (НМГ), встроенного в систему MiniMed Paradigm Real-Time 722 (Medtronic MiniMed, США). Для определения степени компенсации углеводного обмена у пациентов анализировали уровень гликированного гемоглобина (HbAlc). По результатам НМГ была проведена оценка ус-редненных за 3 дня показателей: суточной дозы инсулина, дозы базального, болюсного инсулина, базально-болюсного соотношения (ББС), количества углеводов в пище, выраженного в ХЕ, угле-водного коэффициента, коэффициента чувствительности к инсулину.Пациенты были разделены на две группы: 1-я – 55 подростков с оптимальным или субоптималь-ным гликемическим контролем, 2-я группа – 27 пациентов с декомпенсацией СД-1. Среднесуточ-ные дозы базального инсулина (ед/сут) и базального инсулина в пересчете на массу тела пациента (ед/(кг · сут)) у подростков 1-й группы были статистически значимо выше, чем у пациентов 2-й группы (p = 0,043 и p = 0,038 соответственно). У обследуемых 2-й группы отмечалось большее содер-жание углеводов в пище (ХЕ, ХЕ/кг) и более высокая суточная доза болюсного инсулина (ед/сут).Среднее за время наблюдения ББС у пациентов 1-й группы составило 51/49%, у обследуемых 2-й группы – 44/56%, при уровне статистической значимости различий p = 0,026.Важным условием достижения оптимального гликемического контроля является высокий уровень комплаентности и обученности подростков. Базально-болюсное соотношение инсулинов 51/49% у подростков с СД-1, находящихся на ППИИ с помощью инсулиновых дозаторов, можно считать оптимальным, способствующим улучшению гликемического контроля и снижению риска разви-тия осложнений заболевания