Clinical application of 1,5-anhydroglucitol measurements in patients with hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α maturity-onset diabetes of the young

OBJECTIVE - 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) is a short-term marker of metabolic control in diabetes. Its renal loss is stimulated in hyperglycemic conditions by glycosuria, which results in a lowered plasma concentration. As a low renal threshold for glucose has been described in hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α (HNF-1α) maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), the 1,5-AG level may be altered in these patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the 1,5-AG levels in patients with HNF-1α MODY and in type 2 diabetic subjects with a similar degree of metabolic control. In addition, we aimed to evaluate this particle as a biomarker for HNF-1α MODY. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - We included 33 diabetic patients from the Polish Nationwide Registry of MODY. In addition, we examined 43 type 2 diabetic patients and 47 nondiabetic control subjects. The 1,5-AG concentration was measured with an enzymatic assay (GlycoMark). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate 1,5-AG as a screening marker for HNF-1α MODY. RESULTS - The mean 1,5-AG plasma concentration in diabetic HNF-1α mutation carriers was 5.9 μg/ml, and it was lower than that in type 2 diabetic patients (11.0 μg/ml, P = 0.003) and in nondiabetic control subjects (23.9 μg/ml, P < 0.00005). The ROC curve analysis revealed 85.7% sensitivity and 80.0% specificity of 1,5-AG in screening for HNF-1α MODY at the criterion of <6.5 μg/ml in patients with an A1C level between 6.5 and 9.0%. CONCLUSIONS - 1,5-AG may be a useful biomarker for differential diagnosis of patients with HNF-1α MODY with a specific range of A1C, although this requires further investigation. However, the clinical use of this particle in diabetic HNF-1α mutation carriers for metabolic control has substantial limitations

Preliminary effects of fertilization on ecochemical soil condition in mature spruce stands experiencing dieback in the Beskid Śla̧ski and Żywiecki Mountains, Poland

In recent years, there has been the phenomena of spruce dieback in Europe. Significant areas of spruce low mortality now cover both sides of the Polish southern border. We evaluated ecochemical parameters influencing the heavy dieback occurring in mature spruce stands in the Polish Carpathian Mountains. Dolomite, magnesite and serpentinite fertilizers were applied to experimental plots located in 100-year-old stands in the autumn of 2008. The experimental plots were located in the mid-elevational forest zone (900-950 m) on two nappes of the flysch Carpathians: Magura (Ujsoły Forest District) and Silesian (Wisła Forest District). The saturation of the studied soils demonstrates moderate resilience of soils in Wisła Forest District in relation to acid load and high flexibility of the Ujsoły soils. After application of the fertilizers, an increase of Mg, Ca and Mb was noted in the soil solution, determined in the overlaying highly acidic organic horizons through the ion-exchange buffering mechanism of highly protonated functional groups with high buffering capacity. Magnesium concentration increased following fertilization, presenting a potential improvement of forest growth capacity without the hazard of adverse side effects of liming. Aluminium stress in old spruce is unlikely, while trees in the control plots in Wisła Forest District may already be sensitive to aluminium stress. Serpentinite fertilization improved the supply of soils in magnesium without causing significant changes in the pH of the soil. Such changes in the pH were found in dolomite and magnesite fertilizer. © The Author(s) 2014

High-Density Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Genome-Wide Linkage Scan for Susceptibility Genes for Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes: Discordant Sibpair Approach

OBJECTIVE— Epidemiological and family studies have demonstrated that susceptibility genes play an important role in the etiology of diabetic nephropathy, defined as persistent proteinuria or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in type 1 diabetes

Genome-Wide Association Scan for Diabetic Nephropathy Susceptibility Genes in Type 1 Diabetes

10.2337/db08-1514Diabetes5861403-1410DIAE

A polymorphism in the gene encoding carnosinase (CNDP1) as a predictor of mortality and progression from nephropathy to end-stage renal disease in type 1 diabetes mellitus

Aims/hypothesis Homozygosity for a five leucine repeat (5L-5L) in the carnosinase gene (CNDP1) has been found to be cross-sectionally associated with a low frequency of diabetic nephropathy (DN), mainly in type 2 diabetes. We prospectively investigated in patients with type I diabetes whether: (1) 5L-5L is associated with mortality; (2) there is an interaction of 5L-5L with DN or sex for prediction of mortality; and (3) 5L-5L is associated with progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Methods In this prospective study in white European patients with type 1 diabetes, individuals with DN were defined by persistent albuminuria >= 300 mg/24 h. Controls without nephropathy were defined by persistent (>15 years) normoalbuminuria Results The study involved 916 patients with DN and 1,170 controls. During follow-up for 8.8 years, 107 patients (14%) with 5L-5L died compared with 182 patients (13.8%) with other genotypes (p=0.99). There was no significant interaction of 5L-5L with DN for prediction of mortality (p=0.57), but a trend towards interaction with sex (p=0.08). In patients with DN, HR for ESRD in 5L-5L vs other genotypes was not constant over time, with increased risk for 5L-5L beyond 8 years of follow-up (p=0.03). Conclusions/interpretation CNDP1 polymorphism was not associated with mortality, and nor was there an interaction of this polymorphism with DN for prediction of mortality in patients with type 1 diabetes. CNDP1 polymorphism predicts progression to ESRD in patients with DN, but only late after baseline measurements

Wartość siewna ziarna jęczmienia jarego i owsa, pozyskiwanego z upraw jednogatunkowych oraz ich mieszanki

Praca zawiera wyniki badań nad wartością siewną ziarna jęczmienia jarego i owsa, uzyskanego w siewach jednogatunkowych i mieszance. Materiał wyjściowy obydwu zbóż pochodził ze ścisłego, statycznego doświadczenia polowego, realizowanego w latach 1996-1998 na glebie średniej (kompleksu żytniego bardzo dobrego). Zakres analiz i oznaczeń obejmował corocznie najważniejsze cechy decydujące o wartości ziarna jako materiału siewnego. Jęczmień korzystniejsze warunki znajdował w mieszance, osiągając wyższe aniżeli w czystym siewie: MTZ, wyrównanie, energię i zdolność kiełkowania, a także wigor oraz zdrowotność. Odmienne wyniki charakteryzowały owies, gdyż większość parametrów ziarna z upraw jednogatunkowych uzyskała wyższe wartości niż ziarna z mieszanki (energia i zdolność kiełkowania, wigor oraz czystość i wilgotność). Korzystniejsze rezultaty w siewie mieszanym odnotowano jedynie w odniesieniu do masy 1000 ziaren, stopnia ich wyrównania i zawartości pośladu.The paper presents the results of a study on sowing value of spring barley and oats grain obtained from pure crop and mixture. The grain of both cereals originated from a strict static field experiment carried out during the years 1996-1998 on medium soil of a very good rye complex. The scope of analyses and tests conducted annually covered the major features that determine the sowing value of grain. The results obtained indicate that barley found more favourable conditions in a mixture obtaining in that case higher 1000 grain weight values, uniformity, germination energy and capacity as well as vigour and health status than in monoculture. Different results were obtained for oats where in the majority of the parameters examined its grain originating from monoculture showed a significant advantage over that from the mixture applied, in particular, germination energy and capacity, vigour and health status. Similarities to barley, i.e. better results in case of a mixture were recorded only for 1000 grain weight, their uniformity and contents of offal

Wpływ ugniatania i metody uprawy roli na zwięzłość gleby i plonowanie roślin w zmianowaniu

Changes in soil penetration resistance and yields of winter rapeseed, winter wheat and spring barley cultivated in the 3-year rotation system under the influence of soil compaction and four tillage methods were evaluated in a field experiment conducted in 2009-2012. During the stage of full emergence of winter rapeseed, at the depth of 0-10 and 10-20 cm (lots without compaction) after U-2 cultivation (subsoiler 40 cm, disk cultivator, harrowing, cultivating, sowing ploughing 20 cm), the resistance of the soil decreased significantly as compared to the plough cultivation (control lot). At the level of 20-30 cm, after conventional cultivation, significantly lower compaction of the soil was found compared to the other cultivation variants. On the compacted lots, the opposite situation was found. During the full blossom stage, in the lots without compaction, tillage increased the soil compaction significantly within the studied soil levels, compared to the reduced tillage variants. On the other hand, at the depth of 20-30 cm (lots with compaction), regardless of the reduced tillage variant, significantly higher compaction of the soil, as compared to the plough cultivation, was recorded. After rapeseed harvest, at the depth of 10 cm (lots without compaction), after U-2 cultivation, almost 2-fold increase in the value of the analysed characteristic was recorded as compared to the plough cultivation. During the wheat stem elongation stage, on the lots without and with compaction, the highest soil compaction was found at the depth of 20-30 cm after U-3 cultivation. In the lots without compacting, during the heading, the application of the ripper (U-2 cultivation) significantly decreased the compaction of soil down to 10 cm. In the 20-30 cm layer (lots with compaction), soil resistance increased, assuming the highest values after subsoiler and single ploughing. After the harvest of crops from the lots without compaction, an increase of soil compaction, as compared to the plough cultivation, was recorded after U-2 cultivation at the depth of up to 10 cm and in the 10-20 cm layer after the application of subsoiler and single ploughing. The degree of compaction and the method of soil cultivation diversified significantly the yields of the analysed cereal. Following spring barley harvest, in the lots without compaction, significantly higher soil resistance was found after applying full plough cultivation compared to the lots with compaction (depth 10-20 cm). Similar outcomes were obtained at the levels of 0-10 and 10-20 cm after U-2 cultivation (skimming, cultivator, harrow + pre-winter tillage to 25 cm) and at the depth of 20-30 cm after the application of the cultivator and performance of pre-winter tillage to the depth of 25 cm (U-3 cultivation). On the compacted lots, as compared to the lots that were not compacted, a significantly higher yield of winter rapeseed was obtained following U-3 cultivation. Postharvest cultivation using the subsoiler and pre-sowing cultivation by single ploughing decreased the winter wheat yield the most as compared to the traditional cultivation. The yield of grain from lots with soil compaction, compared to lots without compaction, was significantly higher. In the case of lots with compaction, the application of skimming, cultivator treatment and harrowing of the field after harvest of the forecrop and performance of pre-winter tillage to the depth of 25 cm (U-2 cultivation) increased spring barley yield significantly compared to the conventional cultivation.W doświadczeniu polowym, realizowanym w latach 2009-2012, oceniano zmiany zwięzłości gleby i plonowania uprawianych w 3-letnim zmianowaniu rzepaku ozimego, pszenicy ozimej i jęczmienia jarego pod wpływem ugniatania roli i 4 sposobów jej uprawy. W fazie pełni wschodów rzepaku ozimego na głębokości 0-10 i 10-20 cm (poletka bez ugniatania) uprawa U-2 (głębosz 40 cm, talerzówka, kultywator, brona, orka siewna 20 cm) istotnie zmniejszyła opór gleby, w odniesieniu do uprawy płużnej (obiekt kontrolny). W poziomie 20-30 cm po uprawie tradycyjnej stwierdzono istotnie mniejszą zwięzłość gleby w stosunku do pozostałych wariantów uprawowych. Na obiektach ugniatanych wykazano sytuację odwrotną. W fazie pełni kwitnienia na poletkach bez ugniatania w badanych poziomach gleby uprawa płużna, w odniesieniu do wariantów uproszczonych, istotnie zwiększyła zagęszczenie gleby. Z kolei na głębokości 20-30 cm (obiekty z ugniataniem), bez względu na wariant upraszczania uprawy, odnotowano istotne większą zbitości gleby, w stosunku do uprawy płużnej. Po zbiorze rzepaku na głębokości do 10 cm (poletka bez ugniatania), po uprawie U-2, odnotowano prawie 2-krotny wzrost wartości analizowanej cechy w stosunku do uprawy płużnej. W fazie strzelania w źdźbło pszenicy na obiektach bez i z ugniataniem największą zbitość gleby stwierdzono na głębokości 20-30 cm po uprawie U-3. Na poletkach bez ugniatania, w fazie kłoszenia, (poletka bez ugniatania) zastosowanie glebogryzarki (uprawa U- 2) istotnie zmniejszyło zwięzłość gleby w poziomie do 10 cm. W warstwie 20-30 cm (obiekty z ugniataniem) opór gleby wzrastał, przyjmując najwyższą wartość po głęboszu i orce razówce. Po zbiorze roślin na obiektach bez ugniatania istotny wzrost zwięzłości gleby w stosunku do uprawy płużnej odnotowano po uprawie U-2 na głębokości do 10 cm, a w warstwie 10-20 cm po zastosowaniu głębosza i orki razówki. Stopień ugniecenia i sposób roli istotnie różnicowały wydajność analizowanego zboża. Po zbiorze jęczmienia jarego, na obiektach bez ugniatania, w stosunku do poletek z ugniataniem (głębokość 10-20 cm) stwierdzono istotnie większy opór gleby po zastosowaniu pełnej uprawy płużnej. Podobne efekty uzyskano w poziomach 0-10 i 10-20 cm po uprawie U-2 (podorywka, kultywator, brona + orka przedzimowa 25 cm) oraz na głębokości 20-30 cm po zastosowaniu kultywatora i po wykonaniu orki przedzimowej na głębokość 25 cm (uprawa U-3). Na poletkach ugniatanych, w odniesieniu do nieugniatanych, odnotowano istotnie wyższą wydajność rzepaku ozimego po uprawie U-3. Uprawa pożniwna z głęboszem i przedsiewna z orką razówką najbardziej obniżyły plon pszenicy ozimej, w odniesieniu do uprawy tradycyjnej, przy czym wydajność ziarna na poletkach z ugniataniem gleby w odniesieniu do obiektów bez ugniatania była istotnie wyższa. Na obiektach z ugniataniem zastosowanie podorywki, kultywatorowania i bronowania pola po zbiorze przedplonu i wykonanie orki przedzimowej na głębokość 25 cm (uprawa U-2) istotnie zwiększyło wydajność jęczmienia jarego w stosunku do uprawy tradycyjnej